@Article{MaiaSantosCunhSchaCint:2012:LoEfOi,
               author = "Maia Santos, Luciana Cavalcanti and Cunha-Lignon, Mar{\'{\i}}lia 
                         and Schaeffer-Novelli, Yara and Cintr{\'o}n-Molero, Gilberto",
          affiliation = "{Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo – Instituto de Bioci{\^e}ncias} 
                         and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {} and 
                         U.S. Fish \& Wildlife Service, Department of Interior. Arlington, 
                         U.S.A",
                title = "Long-term effects of oil pollution in mangrove forests (Baixada 
                         santista, southeast Brazil) detected using a GIS-based 
                         multitemporal analysis of aerial photographs",
              journal = "Brazilian Journal of Oceanography",
                 year = "2012",
               volume = "60",
               number = "2",
                pages = "159--170",
                month = "Apr./June",
             keywords = "zona {\'u}mida costeira, sensoriamento remoto, 
                         avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o de impacto, monitoramento, gest{\~a}o 
                         costeira, coastal wetland, remote sensing, impact assessment, 
                         monitoring, coastal management.",
             abstract = "Vazamentos de petr{\'o}leo s{\~a}o potenciais amea{\c{c}}as 
                         {\`a} integridade de ecossistemas costeiros. Em outubro de 1983, 
                         devido ao rompimento de um oleoduto, um manguezal com cerca de 300 
                         ha, localizado na costa sudeste do Brasil foi impactado por 3.5 
                         milh{\~o}es de litros de petr{\'o}leo. Visando avaliar os 
                         efeitos de longo prazo do petr{\'o}leo sobre a 
                         vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o do manguezal, foi realizada uma an{\'a}lise 
                         multitemporal (1962, 1994, 2000 e 2003) de fotografias a{\'e}reas 
                         em SIG. Fotointerpreta{\c{c}}{\~a}o, classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o 
                         visual, quantifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o de {\'a}reas, dados de campo e 
                         dados estruturais da vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o foram utilizados na 
                         avalia{\c{c}}{\~a}o. Antes do vazamento, a vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o 
                         exibia dossel homog{\^e}neo elevado desenvolvimento estrutural. 
                         Mais de dez anos ap{\'o}s o derrame, a vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o 
                         apresentou tr{\^e}s zonas distintas, com diferentes impactos 
                         decorrentes do derrame de petr{\'o}leo. A zona mais impactada 
                         (10.5 ha) apresentou {\'a}rvores mortas, substrato exposto e 
                         bosques em recomposi{\c{c}}{\~a}o com reduzido desenvolvimento 
                         estrutural. Os resultados indicam que os distintos impactos e 
                         recomposi{\c{c}}{\~a}o refletem a variabilidade espacial da taxa 
                         de remo{\c{c}}{\~a}o do petr{\'o}leo em cada zona do manguezal. 
                         A an{\'a}lise multitemporal de aerofotografias se revelou como 
                         {\'u}til ferramenta para avaliar a capacidade de 
                         recupera{\c{c}}{\~a}o da vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o e monitorar os 
                         efeitos de longo prazo e residuais de poluentes, oferecendo 
                         subs{\'{\i}}dios {\`a} gest{\~a}o e conserva{\c{c}}{\~a}o 
                         dos manguezais. ABSTRACT: Oil spills are potential threats to the 
                         integrity of highly productive coastal wetlands, such as mangrove 
                         forests. In October 1983, a mangrove area of nearly 300 ha located 
                         on the southeastern coast of Brazil was impacted by a 3.5 million 
                         liter crude oil spill released by a broken pipeline. In order to 
                         assess the long-term effects of oil pollution on mangrove 
                         vegetation, we carried out a GISbased multitemporal analysis of 
                         aerial photographs of the years 1962, 1994, 2000 and 2003. 
                         Photointerpretation, visual classification, class quantification, 
                         ground-truth and vegetation structure data were combined to 
                         evaluate the oil impact. Before the spill, the mangroves exhibited 
                         a homogeneous canopy and well-developed stands. More than ten 
                         years after the spill, the mangrove vegetation exhibited three 
                         distinct zones reflecting the long-term effects of the oil 
                         pollution. The most impacted zone (10.5 ha) presented dead trees, 
                         exposed substrate and recovering stands with reduced structural 
                         development. We suggest that the distinct impact and recovery 
                         zones reflect the spatial variability of oil removal rates in the 
                         mangrove forest. This study identifies the multitemporal analysis 
                         of aerial photographs as a useful tool for assessing a systems 
                         capacity for recovery and monitoring the long-term residual 
                         effects of pollutants on vegetation dynamics, thus giving support 
                         to mangrove forest management and conservation.",
                  doi = "10.1590/S1679-87592012000200006",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592012000200006",
                 issn = "1679-8759",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "06-1.pdf",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1679-87592012000200006",
        urlaccessdate = "04 jun. 2024"
}