@Article{RibeiroSeluChou:2016:SyClWa,
               author = "Ribeiro, Bruno Zanetti and Seluchi, Marcelo Enrique and Chou, Sin 
                         Chan",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {National 
                         Center for Monitoring and Early Warning of Natural Disasters 
                         (Cemaden)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)}",
                title = "Synoptic climatology of warm fronts in southeastern South 
                         America",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2016",
               volume = "36",
               number = "2",
                pages = "644--655",
                month = "Feb.",
             keywords = "warm front, synoptic climatology, Southeastern South America, 
                         composites.",
             abstract = "This study shows a synoptic climatology of warm fronts in 
                         Southeastern South America (SESA). Data from Climate Forecast 
                         System Reanalysis (CFSR) was used to identify warm fronts from 
                         1979 to 2010. The identification method was based on the magnitude 
                         of meridional gradient of 850-hPa equivalent potential temperature 
                         (e) and 850-hPa wind fields. Composites of the most important 
                         atmospheric variables were constructed from 1 day before until 1 
                         day after the formation of the warm front. An average frequency of 
                         two warm fronts per month is observed, with higher frequencies in 
                         austral winter. Most warm fronts precede the formation of 
                         extratropical cyclones over Uruguay and form because of the 
                         southward movement of previous cold/stationary fronts. Warm fronts 
                         form on average around southern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina 
                         and western part of southern Brazil and Uruguay, coupled to the 
                         eastern edge of the Chaco Low (CL) and the Northwestern 
                         Argentinean Low (NAL) where north/northwesterly flow predominates. 
                         An upper-level wave of wavenumber eight supports warm 
                         frontogenesis. Location and intensity of synoptic systems 
                         associated with a warm front event differ from winter to summer. 
                         Elevated instability is commonly present near warm fronts, and the 
                         average warm-front slope is 1:110, agreeing with other studies. 
                         Instability indices increase after the warm-front passage, leading 
                         to greater rainfall 1 day after the warm front forms.",
                  doi = "10.1002/joc.4373",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4373",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Ribeiro_synoptic.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 jun. 2024"
}