@Article{YoonLPGMCSDP:2017:EqPlBu,
               author = "Yoon, Moonseok and Lee, Jiyun and Pullen, Sam and Gillespie, 
                         Joseph and Mathur, Navin and Cole, Rich and Souza, Jonas Rodrigues 
                         de and Doherty, Patricia and Pradipta, Rezy",
          affiliation = "{Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology} and {Korea 
                         Advanced Institute of Science and Technology} and {Stanford 
                         University} and {Federal Aviation Administration} and {Mirus 
                         Technology} and {Mirus Technology} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Boston College} and {Boston 
                         College}",
                title = "Equatorial plasma bubble threat parameterization to support GBAS 
                         operations in the Brazilian region",
              journal = "Navigation: Journal of the Institute of Navigation",
                 year = "2017",
               volume = "64",
               number = "3",
                pages = "309--321",
             abstract = "The Brazil ionospheric study project aims to develop a new 
                         ground-based augmentation system (GBAS) ionospheric threat model 
                         to better reflect Brazils low-latitude conditions. Data processing 
                         from the global navigation satellite system for 123 active 
                         ionospheric days identified 1017 anomalous ionospheric gradients 
                         caused by nighttime equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs). A 
                         significant number of gradients, including the largest verified 
                         gradient of 850.7 mm/km, exceed the upper bound (375425 mm/km) of 
                         the conterminous United States (CONUS) threat model. This paper 
                         defines a series of parameters to model the geometry of EPBs. A 
                         maximum ionospheric delay drop of 35 m and a transition zone 
                         between 20 and 450 km are estimated for EPBs that move roughly 
                         eastward and parallel to the geomagnetic equator with speeds 
                         between 40 and 250 m/s. These parameters are key to the 
                         development of a GBAS ionospheric mitigation and safety case for 
                         operational approval in Brazil and other lowlatitude locations.",
                  doi = "10.1002/navi.203",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/navi.203",
                 issn = "0028-1522",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Yoon_et_al-2017-Navigation.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "04 jun. 2024"
}