@InProceedings{ArkinSapiXie:2006:WhHaWe,
               author = "Arkin, Phillip and Sapiano, Matt and Xie, Pingping",
          affiliation = "Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of 
                         Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA (Arkin) and Earth System 
                         Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College 
                         Park, MD 20742 USA (Sapiano) and Climate Prediction Center, 
                         NCEP/NWS/NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA (Xie)",
                title = "Interannual variability in precipitation over the Southern 
                         Hemisphere: What have we learned since 1985?",
            booktitle = "Proceedings...",
                 year = "2006",
               editor = "Vera, Carolina and Nobre, Carlos",
                pages = "1465--1468",
         organization = "International Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology and 
                         Oceanography, 8. (ICSHMO).",
            publisher = "American Meteorological Society (AMS)",
              address = "45 Beacon Hill Road, Boston, MA, USA",
             keywords = "climate, precipitation, Southern Ocean, Southern Hemisphere, 
                         interannual variability.",
             abstract = "Precipitation is a critical element of the climate of the Southern 
                         Hemisphere (SH), and observations of its mean annual cycle and 
                         interannual variability are crucial to understanding SH climate 
                         variability. Twenty-two years ago, at the time of the first 
                         Conference on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology in Sao Jose dos 
                         Campos, Brazil, our knowledge of SH precipitation over land was 
                         based on rain gauge observations, yielding climatologies with 
                         excellent detail but with much less information on year-to-year 
                         variability. Over the Southern Ocean (SO) the situation was even 
                         less satisfactory, as our knowledge was limited to climatologies 
                         based on a variety of limited information, including ship 
                         observations of present weather and island rain gauges; no time 
                         series of precipitation analyses existed. Linking land and oceanic 
                         precipitation variability was essentially impossible aside from 
                         some limited information that was available from convective 
                         indices based on infrared satellite observations for the tropics 
                         and subtropics. At the present, we have global time series of 
                         analyses of monthly and pentad precipitation from the Global 
                         Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and CPC Merged Analysis 
                         of Precipitation (CMAP), both based on the combination of 
                         information from passive microwave and infrared sensors on both 
                         polar orbiting and geostationary satellites. We also have powerful 
                         new observations, including those from the Tropical Rainfall 
                         Measuring Mission, as well as new algorithms capable of deriving 
                         high resolution precipitation analyses for much of the globe. 
                         These multiple data sets have proven useful for a wide variety of 
                         climate studies, from the description of intraseasonal and 
                         interannual variability to the validation of global weather and 
                         climate forecast models. However, a number of major concerns exist 
                         with these data sets. The global analyses of the GPCP and CMAP 
                         have significant inadequacies, including inhomogeneities in input 
                         data and methodology, temporal and spatial artifacts, the 
                         inability to clearly define decadal and longer variability and a 
                         failure to adequately resolve the global water and energy budgets. 
                         To a substantial extent, these issues arise from gaps and changes 
                         in the global observing system, such as the advent of passive 
                         microwave observations in mid-1987 and the continued development 
                         of such instruments, the availability of the TRMM radar since late 
                         1997, and the evolution of the global geostationary satellite 
                         network since 1980. In this paper, we will describe the mean 
                         annual cycle and interannual variability in SO precipitation as 
                         depicted in the GPCP and CMAP, and attempt to identify the robust 
                         findings as well as the ambiguities and shortcomings. We will 
                         examine the finer scale detail in regions of interest using the 
                         newer finer resolution datasets such as the TRMM RT and CMORPH, 
                         and will describe the initial results of the Pilot Evaluation of 
                         High Resolution Precipitation Products, an international 
                         collaboration involving producers and users of precipitation 
                         datasets using satellite and in situ observations.",
  conference-location = "Foz do Igua{\c{c}}u",
      conference-year = "24-28 Apr. 2006",
             language = "en",
         organisation = "American Meteorological Society (AMS)",
                  ibi = "cptec.inpe.br/adm_conf/2005/10.31.13.12",
                  url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/cptec.inpe.br/adm_conf/2005/10.31.13.12",
           targetfile = "1465-1468.pdf",
                 type = "Understanding long-term climate variations in the SH",
        urlaccessdate = "29 jun. 2024"
}