@Article{Santos:2005:FlLeEf,
               author = "Santos, Wilson Fernando dos",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais}",
                title = "Flat-faced leading-edge effects in low-density hypersonic wedge 
                         flow",
              journal = "Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets",
                 year = "2005",
               volume = "42",
               number = "1",
                pages = "22--29",
             abstract = "A numerical study was performed to determine the upstream e®ects 
                         of leading edge thickness on the rare¯ed hypersonic °ow over 
                         truncated wedges at zero angle of attack. The simulations were 
                         performed by using the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) 
                         method. A method that has demonstrated to excellent comparisons 
                         with °ight- and ground-test data, and properly accounts for 
                         nonequilibrium aspects of the °ow that arise near the leading 
                         edge, which are especially important at high Mach numbers. Some 
                         signi¯cant di®erences between sharp and blunt leading edges were 
                         noted on the °ow¯eld structure and on the aerodynamic surface 
                         quantities. It was found that the upstream e®ects have di®erent 
                         in°uence on the stagnation streamline properties ahead of the 
                         leading edges depending on the leading edge Knudsen number. 
                         Interesting features observed in the surface °uxes showed that 
                         small leading edge thickness, compared to the freestream mean free 
                         path, has important e®ects on high Mach number leading edge °ows. 
                         Also, e®ects on the skin friction coe±cient, pressure coe±cient 
                         and heat transfer coe±cient on the wedge are presented as a 
                         function of thickness Knudsen number.",
                 issn = "0022-4650",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "flatfaced.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "16 jun. 2024"
}