@Article{MakarievaGorSheNobLi:2013:DoWiCo,
               author = "Makarieva, A. M. and Gorshkov, V. G. and Sheil, Douglas and Nobre, 
                         Antonio Donato and Li, B. -L.",
          affiliation = "Petersburg Nucl Phys Inst, Div Theoret Phys, St Petersburg 188300, 
                         Russia.; Univ Calif Riverside, XIEG UCR Int Ctr Arid Land Ecol, 
                         Riverside, CA 92521 USA. and Petersburg Nucl Phys Inst, Div 
                         Theoret Phys, St Petersburg 188300, Russia.; Univ Calif Riverside, 
                         XIEG UCR Int Ctr Arid Land Ecol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. and So 
                         Cross Univ, Sch Environm Sci \& Engn, Lismore, NSW 2480, 
                         Australia.; Mbarara Univ Sci \& Technol, Inst Trop Forest 
                         Conservat, Kabale, Uganda.; Ctr Int Forestry Res, Bogor 16000, 
                         Indonesia. and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} 
                         and Univ Calif Riverside, XIEG UCR Int Ctr Arid Land Ecol, 
                         Riverside, CA 92521 USA.",
                title = "Where do winds come from? A new theory on how water vapor 
                         condensation influences atmospheric pressure and dynamics",
              journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
                 year = "2013",
               volume = "13",
               number = "2",
                pages = "1039--1056",
             keywords = "winds, phase transitions, atmospheric water.",
             abstract = "Phase transitions of atmospheric water play a ubiquitous role in 
                         the Earth's climate system, but their direct impact on atmospheric 
                         dynamics has escaped wide attention. Here we examine and advance a 
                         theory as to how condensation influences atmospheric pressure 
                         through the mass removal of water from the gas phase with a 
                         simultaneous account of the latent heat release. Building from 
                         fundamental physical principles we show that condensation is 
                         associated with a decline in air pressure in the lower atmosphere. 
                         This decline occurs up to a certain height, which ranges from 3 to 
                         4 km for surface temperatures from 10 to 30 degrees C. We then 
                         estimate the horizontal pressure differences associated with water 
                         vapor condensation and find that these are comparable in magnitude 
                         with the pressure differences driving observed circulation 
                         patterns. The water vapor delivered to the atmosphere via 
                         evaporation represents a store of potential energy available to 
                         accelerate air and thus drive winds. Our estimates suggest that 
                         the global mean power at which this potential energy is released 
                         by condensation is around one per cent of the global solar power - 
                         this is similar to the known stationary dissipative power of 
                         general atmospheric circulation. We conclude that condensation and 
                         evaporation merit attention as major, if previously overlooked, 
                         factors in driving atmospheric dynamics.",
                  doi = "10.5194/acp-13-1039-2013",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-1039-2013",
                 issn = "1680-7316",
                label = "isi",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "acp-13-1039-2013.pdf",
                  url = "www.atmos-chem-phys.net/13/1039/2013/",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}