@PhDThesis{Rodrigues:2018:EsPrIn,
author = "Rodrigues, Daniela Carneiro",
title = "Estudo dos processos de intera{\c{c}}{\~a}o superf{\'{\i}}cie
terrestre-atmosfera com o modelo ETA em alta
resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2018",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "28-08-2018",
keywords = "intera{\c{c}}{\~a}o solo-vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o-atmosfera, mapas
de superf{\'{\i}}cie, alta resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o,
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o expl{\'{\i}}cita,
soil-vegetation-atmosphere interaction, surface maps,
high-resolution, explicit precipitation.",
abstract = "O sistema solo-vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o-atmosfera interage
atrav{\'e}s de um conjunto de processos f{\'{\i}}sicos que
acoplam os ciclos de energia e {\'a}gua. A ocorr{\^e}ncia de
convec{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\'u}mida profunda, na aus{\^e}ncia ou sob
fraca for{\c{c}}ante de escala sin{\'o}tica, geralmente
est{\'a} relacionada com o estado da superf{\'{\i}}cie, em
especial com o particionamento dos fluxos turbulentos de calor e
umidade. As intera{\c{c}}{\~o}es entre a superf{\'{\i}}cie
terrestre e a atmosfera t{\^e}m sido investigadas nas
{\'u}ltimas d{\'e}cadas e, apesar de progressos nos {\'u}ltimos
anos, continuam sendo processos mal compreendidos e uma grande
fonte de incertezas em modelos num{\'e}ricos. Diante disso, o
principal objetivo desta pesquisa foi buscar compreender o efeito
das intera{\c{c}}{\~o}es do sistema
solo-vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o-atmosfera nas simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es de
curto prazo da precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o convectiva no Sudeste do
Brasil, utilizando o modelo Eta em alt{\'{\i}}ssima
resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o espacial (1 km). Testes de sensibilidade
foram realizados com diferentes mapas de superf{\'{\i}}cie,
variando o conte{\'u}do de umidade inicial do solo, variando a
intensidade do acoplamento superf{\'{\i}}cie-atmosfera e
tamb{\'e}m atrav{\'e}s de ajustes no esquema de
produ{\c{c}}{\~a}o de precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o. O caso de 14 de
fevereiro de 2013 foi escolhido para an{\'a}lises mais detalhadas
e nove casos de chuvas intensas sob fraca for{\c{c}}ante de
grande escala foram utilizados nas avalia{\c{c}}{\~o}es
estat{\'{\i}}sticas. Os resultados indicam que a
simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o das vari{\'a}veis de superf{\'{\i}}cie
melhora com o aumento da resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o horizontal do
modelo. No geral, a atualiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o dos mapas de textura
do solo e de uso e cobertura da terra em alta
resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o espacial trouxeram melhorias para as
simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es das vari{\'a}veis de superf{\'{\i}}cie
do modelo. O novo mapa de textura do solo (STATSGO/FAO) aumentou a
umidade dispon{\'{\i}}vel no solo, o fluxo de calor latente e
diminuiu o fluxo de calor sens{\'{\i}}vel e a temperatura da
superf{\'{\i}}cie simulada, reduzindo o vi{\'e}s do experimento
controle que superestimou os fluxos de calor sens{\'{\i}}vel e
subestimou os fluxos de calor latente. A atualiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o
do mapa de uso e cobertura da terra (IBGE, 2014) provocou uma
redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o nos fluxos de calor latente e um aumento nos
fluxos de calor sens{\'{\i}}vel e na temperatura da
superf{\'{\i}}cie nas {\'a}reas que indicaram expans{\~a}o da
{\'a}rea urbana em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o ao mapa inicial. Nas
{\'a}reas onde a cobertura vegetal cultivo substituiu a savana,
houve um aumento (diminui{\c{c}}{\~a}o) no fluxo de calor
latente (calor sens{\'{\i}}vel). A inclus{\~a}o do uso da terra
de eucalipto no mapa de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o resultou na
redu{\c{c}}{\~a}o (aumento) dos fluxos de calor latente
(sens{\'{\i}}vel) em cerca de 50 W/m2 e levou a um aumento na
temperatura da superf{\'{\i}}cie de at{\'e} 2°C nas {\'a}reas
de plantio de eucalipto. Diferentes conte{\'u}dos de umidade
inicial do solo levam a distintos padr{\~o}es diurnos de
temperatura potencial e umidade relativa simuladas na baixa
atmosfera. Os testes com diferentes intensidades do acoplamento
superf{\'{\i}}cie-atmosfera mostraram que as
simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es dos fluxos superficiais s{\~a}o
sens{\'{\i}}veis ao tratamento da camada superficial,
especialmente o c{\'a}lculo do comprimento da rugosidade para
calor/umidade. A ado{\c{c}}{\~a}o do coeficiente de acoplamento
din{\^a}mico mostrou-se potencialmente capaz de melhorar a
simula{\c{c}}{\~a}o das vari{\'a}veis de superf{\'{\i}}cie e
atmosf{\'e}ricas, bem como modificar o padr{\~a}o espacial da
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o. Os testes no esquema de
microf{\'{\i}}sica de nuvens mostraram que a
varia{\c{c}}{\~a}o nos par{\^a}metros relativos {\`a}
velocidade terminal do cristal de gelo e na umidade relativa
cr{\'{\i}}tica para condensa{\c{c}}{\~a}o impacta na
quantidade de precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o simulada, mas n{\~a}o
altera o padr{\~a}o espacial e/ou temporal. O uso do esquema de
convec{\c{c}}{\~a}o para tratar a mistura turbulenta da
convec{\c{c}}{\~a}o alterou tanto a quantidade quanto a
localiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o da precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o, mostrando-se
um par{\^a}metro potencial de ajuste do modelo na escala de
convec{\c{c}}{\~a}o expl{\'{\i}}cita. O resultado inovador
desta tese {\'e} o ganho na compreens{\~a}o sobre as
sensibilidades das simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es em alt{\'{\i}}ssima
resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o do modelo x Eta {\`a}s
intera{\c{c}}{\~o}es solo-vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o-atmosfera.
{\'E} um resultado considerado importante, pois orienta sobre a
dire{\c{c}}{\~a}o das mudan{\c{c}}as a tomar no modelo para
obter previs{\~o}es de melhor qualidade. ABSTRACT: The
soil-vegetation-atmosphere system interacts through a set of
physical processes that couple the cycles of energy and water. The
occurrence of deep humid convection, in the absence or under weak
forcing of the synoptic scale, is usually related to the surface
state, especially with the partitioning of the turbulent flows of
heat and humidity. The interactions between the land surface and
the atmosphere have been investigated in recent decades and,
despite progress in recent years, are still poorly understood
processes and a major source of uncertainties in numerical models.
Therefore, the main objective of this research was to understand
the effect of soilvegetation- atmosphere interactions on
short-term simulations of convective precipitation in Southeastern
Brazil, using the Eta model in very high spatial resolution (1
km). Sensitivity tests were performed with different surface maps,
varying the initial moisture content of the soil, varying the
intensity of the surfaceatmosphere coupling and also through
adjustments in the precipitation production scheme. The case of
February 14, 2013 was chosen for more detailed analyzes and nine
cases of heavy rains under weak large-scale forcing were used in
the statistical evaluations. The results indicate that the
simulation of the surface variables improves with the increase of
the horizontal resolution of the model. In general, the updating
of soil texture maps and land use and coverage in high spatial
resolution have brought improvements to the simulations of the
model surface variables. The new soil texture map (STATSGO/FAO)
increased the available soil moisture, latent heat flux and
decreased the sensible heat flux and the simulated surface
temperature, reducing the bias of the control experiment that
overestimated the heat fluxes and underestimated latent heat
fluxes. The updating of the land use and land cover map (IBGE,
2014) caused a reduction in latent heat fluxes and an increase in
sensible heat fluxes and surface temperature in the areas that
indicated urban area expansion in relation to the initial map. In
the areas where the vegetation cover replaces the savanna, there
was an increase (decrease) in the latent heat flux (sensible
heat). The inclusion of eucalyptus land use in the vegetation map
resulted in the reduction (increase) of latent (sensitive) heat
fluxes by about 50 W/m2 and led to an increase in surface
temperature of up to 2°C in the areas of Eucalyptus plantation.
Different initial moisture contents of the soil lead to different
diurnal patterns of potential temperature and relative humidity
simulated in the lower atmosphere. Tests with different
intensities of surface-toatmosphere coupling showed that surface
flux simulations are sensitive to surface layer treatment,
especially calculating the roughness length for heat/moisture. The
adoption of the dynamic coupling coefficient was potentially able
to improve the simulation of the surface and atmospheric
variables, as well as to modify the spatial pattern of the
precipitation. The tests in the cloud microphysics scheme showed
that the variation in the parameters relative to the ice crystal
terminal velocity and the critical humidity for condensation
impacts the amount of simulated precipitation, but does not alter
the spatial and/or temporal pattern. The use of the convection
scheme to treat the turbulent convection mixture altered both the
amount and the location of the precipitation, showing a potential
parameter of model fit in the explicit convection xii scale. The
innovative result of this thesis is the gain in the understanding
of the sensitivities of the high resolution simulations of the Eta
model to the soil-vegetationatmosphere interactions. It is a
result considered important, because it guides the direction of
the changes to be made in the model to obtain forecasts of better
quality.",
committee = "Cavalcanti, Iracema Fonseca de Albuquerque (presidente) and Chan,
Chou Sin (orientadora) and Tomasella, Javier and Andr{\'e}s
Rodriguez, Daniel and Correia, Francis Wagner Silva",
englishtitle = "Study of interaction processes land surface-atmosphere with the
ETA model at high resolution",
language = "pt",
pages = "216",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3RHJH95",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3RHJH95",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "05 jun. 2024"
}