@Article{VenkateshPaBaFaRaBaRe:2019:SuEfLi,
               author = "Venkatesh, Kavutarapu and Patra, Amit K. and Balan, N. and 
                         Fagundes, Paulo Roberto and Ram, S. Tulasi and Batista, Inez 
                         Staciarini and Reinisch, B. W.",
          affiliation = "National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India and 
                         National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India and 
                         {Shandong University} and {Universidade do Vale do 
                         Para{\'{\i}}ba (UNIVAP)} and {Indian Institute of Geomagnetism} 
                         and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Lowell 
                         Digisonde International}",
                title = "Superfountain effect linked with 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm 
                         manifesting distinct F3 layer",
              journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics",
                 year = "2019",
               volume = "124",
               number = "7",
                pages = "6127--6137",
             abstract = "The existence of an additional stratification in the daytime 
                         equatorial ionospheric F region (the F3 layer) was known since the 
                         1940s. However, its characteristics and the underlying physical 
                         mechanism have been uncovered only recently. In this paper, we 
                         present and discuss the F3 layer characteristics observed by six 
                         ionosondes distributed over equatorial and low latitudes 
                         (\−20° to +25° dip latitudes) in the Brazilian longitude 
                         sector during the strongest geomagnetic storm (DstMin = 
                         \−223 nT) of solar cycle 24, the St. Patrick's Day storm of 
                         17 March 2015. Two eastward prompt penetration electric field 
                         (PPEF) events, as seen in equatorial electrojet, occurred during 
                         the main phase of the storm on 17 March 2015, a strong one (~100 
                         nT) at around ~1200 UT and a weak one (~50 nT) at around ~1725 UT. 
                         Local time variations in the F3 layer occurrence and ionospheric 
                         base height (h\′F), peak height (hmF), and peak electron 
                         density (Nmax) are investigated. Notably, the F3 layer occurred at 
                         all six locations, more distinctly during the stronger PPEF event. 
                         The large latitudinal extend in the occurrence of the F3 layer in 
                         opposite hemispheres (\−20° to +25° dip latitudes) covering 
                         the equatorial ionization anomaly crests observed for the first 
                         time is interpreted in terms of the combined effect of the super 
                         plasma fountain generated by the eastward PPEF and storm time 
                         equatorward neutral wind.",
                  doi = "10.1029/2019JA026721",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026721",
                 issn = "2169-9402",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "
                         
                         Venkatesh_et_al-2019-Journal_of_Geophysical_Research__Space_Physics.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "05 jun. 2024"
}