@Article{Cavalcanti:2012:ReCaSt,
               author = "Cavalcanti, Iracema Fonseca Albuquerque",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Large scale and synoptic features associated with extreme 
                         precipitation over South America: A review and case studies for 
                         the first decade of the 21st century",
              journal = "Atmospheric Research",
                 year = "2012",
               volume = "118",
               number = "15",
                pages = "27--40",
                month = "Nov.",
             keywords = "extreme precipitation, South America, atmospheric features, 
                         droughts, floods.",
             abstract = "Flooding or droughts over South America affect the population and 
                         several sectors of the economy such as agriculture, energy and 
                         transport. Floods occur due to extreme precipitation from 
                         mesoscale precipitating systems, which can often be embedded in 
                         synoptic systems that are influenced by large scale conditions 
                         that are in turn influenced by climate variability. Droughts are 
                         associated with lack of or reduced influence of these synoptic 
                         systems, and also affected by persistent large scale conditions. 
                         El NiņoSouthern Oscillation episodes have been related to droughts 
                         in Amazonia and northeastern Brazil and flooding in southeastern 
                         South America. Other extreme cases have been associated with 
                         Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Extreme cases 
                         also occur in association with tropicalextratropical interactions, 
                         through atmospheric circulation anomalies in both tropics and 
                         extratropics. In the present review, studies of precipitation 
                         extremes in South America and some examples of extreme 
                         precipitation in several regions of South America in the 21st 
                         century are shown, and a discussion of the associated mechanisms 
                         is included. The influences of tropical and extratropical large 
                         scale climate variability such as the Pacific and Atlantic SST, 
                         the Pacific South America pattern, the Southern Hemisphere annular 
                         mode and features of the North Atlantic Oscillation on extremes 
                         over South America are mentioned. Daily precipitation extremes 
                         over South America are often related to convective development 
                         within synoptic systems, such as frontal systems and the South 
                         Atlantic Convergence Zone, in the Southeastern Brazil. 
                         Intertropical Convergence Zone and easterly disturbances are the 
                         main systems inwhich convective development can occur related to 
                         precipitation extremes in Northeastern region. In La Plata basin, 
                         extremes are associated with highly organized convective systems 
                         originating in the lee of the Andes that propagate eastward.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.012",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.012",
                 issn = "0169-8095",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "30 jun. 2024"
}