@ElectronicSource{ChanMPLSCARD::19ClSi,
             abstract = "Global models are used to generate Climate Change scenarios. For 
                         computation efficiency these models have rather coarse resolution. 
                         Model grid sizes smaller than 100 km is generally required for 
                         producing climate change impact studies. To prepare the Regional 
                         Eta Model for Climate Change studies over South America, the model 
                         was initially modified and was run for the present climate period 
                         from 1961-1990. The objective of this work is to evaluate the 
                         climate simulations using the Eta Model driven by two Coupled 
                         Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Models: the HadCM and 
                         SINTEX-G (INGV- ECHAM/OPA/LIM). The HadCM conditions were provided 
                         at 3.75 o and 2.75o grid sizes in zonal and meridional directions, 
                         respectively, and at 6-hour frequency. The SINTEX-G conditions 
                         were provided at the approximate grid size of 1.125o in both 
                         directions and at 12-hour frequency. Both conditions refer to 
                         anthropogenic, 1961-1990 period. The Regional Eta Model nested in 
                         these conditions was configured with 40-km grid sizes and 38 
                         layers in the vertical. The model was altered to take in the 
                         360-day year calendar of the global climate model runs. Vegetation 
                         greenness was modified to vary along the year, as it used to be 
                         fixed to the initial value in the weather forecast mode. Sea 
                         surface temperatures were taken from the global models monthly 
                         mean values and daily updated in the Eta Model. It is expected 
                         that after one year of integration, the regional conditions has 
                         reached a climate state of equilibrium with the lateral 
                         boundaries, therefore the runs started in 1960 and the first year 
                         of adjustment was discarded from the analysis. Results are based 
                         on the comparison of the two runs, Eta-HadCM and Eta-ECHAM (INGV), 
                         against CRU data. The better represented topography clearly 
                         improved the simulated surface temperature and precipitation 
                         patterns. The nested runs produced stronger ITCZ and more 
                         precipitation in the Amazon region when compared with each driver 
                         conditions. The simulated annual cycles of temperature and 
                         precipitation for different sectors of South America are shown in 
                         comparison against the drivers. Both nested runs show large 
                         improvement especially over the Amazon region.",
              address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
               author = "Chan, Chou Sin and Marengo, J. A. and Pesquero, J. F. and Lyra, A. 
                         A. and Sueiro, G. and Chagas, D. J. and Alves, L. and Rajkovic, B. 
                         and Djurdjevic, V.",
             keywords = "climate change, South America.",
             language = "en",
       lastupdatedate = "2009-10-15",
            publisher = "Instituto and Nacional and de and Pesquisas and Espaciais",
                  ibi = "8JMKD3MGP8W/368G4Q5",
                  url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP8W/368G4Q5",
           targetfile = "v1.pdf",
                title = "1961-1990 climate simulations over South America using Eta Model",
         typeofmedium = "On-line",
        urlaccessdate = "29 jun. 2024"
}