@Article{AlbrechtMoraSilv:2011:PhPrTh,
               author = "Albrecht, Rachel Ifanger and Morales, Carlos A. and Silva Dias, 
                         Maria A. F.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o 
                         Paulo}",
                title = "Electrification of precipitating systems over the Amazon: Physical 
                         processes of thunderstorm development",
              journal = "Journal of Geophysical Research",
                 year = "2011",
               volume = "116",
                pages = "D08209",
                month = "june",
             keywords = "CONVECTIVE CLOUDS, TRMM-LBA, RADAR OBSERVATIONS, CHARGE-TRANSFER, 
                         CLIMATE-CHANGE, SOUTH-AMERICA, TOGA COARE, DEFORESTATION, AEROSOL, 
                         FOREST.",
             abstract = "This study investigated the physical processes involved in the 
                         development of thunderstorms over southwestern Amazon by 
                         hypothesizing causalities for the observed cloud-to-ground 
                         lightning variability and the local environmental characteristics. 
                         Southwestern Amazon experiences every year a large variety of 
                         environmental factors, such as the gradual increase in atmospheric 
                         moisture, extremely high pollution due to biomass burning, and 
                         intense deforestation, which directly affects cloud development by 
                         differential surface energy partition. In the end of the dry 
                         period it was observed higher percentages of positive 
                         cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning due to a relative increase in +CG 
                         dominated thunderstorms (positive thunderstorms). Positive 
                         (negative) thunderstorms initiated preferentially over deforested 
                         (forest) areas with higher (lower) cloud base heights, shallower 
                         (deeper) warm cloud depths, and higher (lower) convective 
                         potential available energy. These features characterized the 
                         positive (negative) thunderstorms as deeper (relatively shallower) 
                         clouds, stronger (relatively weaker) updrafts with enhanced 
                         (decreased) mixed and cold vertically integrated liquid. No 
                         significant difference between thunderstorms (negative and 
                         positive) and nonthunderstorms were observed in terms of 
                         atmospheric pollution, once the atmosphere was overwhelmed by 
                         pollution leading to an updraft-limited regime. However, in the 
                         wet season both negative and positive thunderstorms occurred 
                         during periods of relatively higher aerosol concentration and 
                         differentiated size distributions, suggesting an aerosol-limited 
                         regime where cloud electrification could be dependent on the 
                         aerosol concentration to suppress the warm and enhance the ice 
                         phase. The suggested causalities are consistent with the invoked 
                         hypotheses, but they are not observed facts; they are just 
                         hypotheses based on plausible physical mechanisms.",
                  doi = "10.1029/2010JD014756",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014756",
                 issn = "0148-0227 and 2156-2202",
                label = "lattes: 7258266163150929 1 AlbrechtMoraSilv:2011:PhPrTh",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Albrecht_ Electrification of precipitating systems over.pdf",
                  url = "http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2011/2010JD014756.shtml",
        urlaccessdate = "28 jun. 2024"
}