@Article{SilvaHodgCout:2021:HoWeDo,
               author = "Silva, Philipp Edson Dias da and Hodges, Kevin Ivan and Coutinho, 
                         Mariane Mendes",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University 
                         of Reading} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)}",
                title = "How well does the HadGEM2-ES coupled model represent the Southern 
                         Hemisphere storm tracks?",
              journal = "Climate Dynamics",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "56",
               number = "3/4",
                pages = "1145--1162",
                month = "Feb.",
             keywords = "Cyclones, Storm tracks, Climatology, HadGEM2-ES, ERA-Interim, 
                         Southern Hemisphere.",
             abstract = "This study presents an assessment of the ability of the Hadley 
                         Centre Global Environment Model version 2-Earth system 
                         configuration (HadGEM2-ES)-in simulating the mid-latitude storm 
                         tracks over the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The storm tracks are 
                         primarily assessed using cyclone tracking using data from a 4 
                         member ensemble of 27-year simulations of HadGEM2-ES over the 
                         historical period, and the European Centre for Medium-Range 
                         Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis. Both winter and summer 
                         periods are considered and contrasted. Results show that the storm 
                         track (ST) climatology of HadGEM2-ES presents similar patterns to 
                         those of the reanalysis. However, the model tends to represent the 
                         austral winter ST position with an equatorward bias and a zonal 
                         bias in the spiral towards the pole. The main differences were 
                         found during the austral winter, with large track density biases 
                         over the Indian Ocean indicating a poor representation of the ST 
                         in this specific region. This was found to be related to two 
                         factors. First, the large negative genesis biases over South 
                         America, Antarctic Peninsula and the Antarctic coast. Second, the 
                         model resolution and the representation of the Andes Mountains in 
                         South America. The link between STs and the large-scale 
                         circulation is examined and shows at upper levels an equatorward 
                         jet position bias of the subtropical jet and a negative bias in 
                         the eddy-driven, associated with a large cold bias over the 
                         extratropical and polar regions. The analysis of the large-scale 
                         circulation shows that the split jet during winter has problems in 
                         the model linked to these biases, including geopotential anomaly 
                         and sea surface temperature biases. Consequently, in general the 
                         track densities over the Southern oceans are underestimated in the 
                         austral winter. During summer, the results show the STs move 
                         poleward and there is a single eddy-driven jet, which is 
                         represented relatively well compared with the winter situation. 
                         These factors tend to reduce the differences seen in the cyclone 
                         track distribution biases. Although the model has biases in the ST 
                         behaviour in the SH it is still considered that these do not 
                         preclude this model being used for perturbation and future 
                         projection studies.",
                  doi = "10.1007/s00382-020-05523-9",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05523-9",
                 issn = "0930-7575",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "silva_how.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "29 jun. 2024"
}