@Article{Restrepo-CoupeALBLMACCFGIMVZMS:2021:LeObIn,
               author = "Restrepo-Coupe, Nat{\'a}lia and Albert, Loren P. and Longo, 
                         Marcos and Baker, Ian and Levine, Naomi M. and Mercado, Lina M. 
                         and Ara{\'u}jo, Alessandro C. da and Christofferson, Bradley 
                         O'Donnell and Costa, Marcos H. and Fitzjarrald, David R. and 
                         Galbraith, David and Imbuzeiro, Hewlley and Malhi, Yadvinder and 
                         Von Randow, Celso and Zeng, Xubin and Moorcroft, Paul and Saleska, 
                         Scott R.",
          affiliation = "{University of Arizona} and {University of Arizona} and {Harvard 
                         University} and {Colorado State University} and {Harvard 
                         University} and {University of Exeter} and {Embrapa Amaz{\^o}nia 
                         Oriental} and {University of Texas Rio Grande Valley} and 
                         {Universidade Federal de Vi{\c{c}}osa (UFV)} and {University at 
                         Albany} and {University of Leeds} and {Universidade Federal de 
                         Vi{\c{c}}osa (UFV)} and {University of Oxford} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of 
                         Arizona} and {California Institute of Technology} and {University 
                         of Arizona}",
                title = "Understanding water and energy fluxes in the Amazonia: Lessons 
                         from an observation-model intercomparison",
              journal = "Global Change Biology",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "27",
               number = "9",
                pages = "1802--1819",
                month = "Mar.",
             keywords = "Amazonia, climate interactions, ecosystem, eddy covariance flux 
                         seasonality, energy balance, evapotranspiration, land surface 
                         models, tropical forests.",
             abstract = "Tropical forests are an important part of global water and energy 
                         cycles, but the mechanisms that drive seasonality of their 
                         land-atmosphere exchanges have proven challenging to capture in 
                         models. Here, we (1) report the seasonality of fluxes of latent 
                         heat (LE), sensible heat (H), and outgoing short and longwave 
                         radiation at four diverse tropical forest sites across 
                         Amazonia-along the equator from the Caxiuana and Tapajos National 
                         Forests in the eastern Amazon to a forest near Manaus, and from 
                         the equatorial zone to the southern forest in Reserva Jaru; (2) 
                         investigate how vegetation and climate influence these fluxes; and 
                         (3) evaluate land surface model performance by comparing 
                         simulations to observations. We found that previously identified 
                         failure of models to capture observed dry-season increases in 
                         evapotranspiration (ET) was associated with model overestimations 
                         of (1) magnitude and seasonality of Bowen ratios (relative to 
                         aseasonal observations in which sensible was only 20%-30% of the 
                         latent heat flux) indicating model exaggerated water limitation, 
                         (2) canopy emissivity and reflectance (albedo was only 10%-15% of 
                         incoming solar radiation, compared to 0.15%-0.22% simulated), and 
                         (3) vegetation temperatures (due to underestimation of dry-season 
                         ET and associated cooling). These partially compensating 
                         model-observation discrepancies (e.g., higher temperatures 
                         expected from excess Bowen ratios were partially ameliorated by 
                         brighter leaves and more interception/evaporation) significantly 
                         biased seasonal model estimates of net radiation (R-n), the key 
                         driver of water and energy fluxes (LE similar to 0.6 R-n and H 
                         similar to 0.15 R-n), though these biases varied among sites and 
                         models. A better representation of energy-related parameters 
                         associated with dynamic phenology (e.g., leaf optical properties, 
                         canopy interception, and skin temperature) could improve 
                         simulations and benchmarking of current vegetation-atmosphere 
                         exchange and reduce uncertainty of regional and global 
                         biogeochemical models.",
                  doi = "10.1111/gcb.15555",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15555",
                 issn = "1354-1013",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "coupe_understanding.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "29 jun. 2024"
}