@Article{KintnerLedvPaul:2007:GPIoSc,
               author = "Kintner, P. M. and Ledvina, B. M. and Paula, Eurico Rodrigues",
          affiliation = "School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University 
                         and Applied Research Laboratories, University of Texas at Austin 
                         and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "GPS and ionospheric scintillations",
              journal = "Space Weather",
                 year = "2007",
               volume = "5",
               number = "9",
                pages = "S09003",
                month = "Jul. - Set.",
             keywords = "GPS, ionospheric irregularities, scintillation.",
             abstract = "Ionospheric scintillations are one of the earliest known effects 
                         of space weather. Caused by ionization density irregularities, 
                         scintillating signals change phase unexpectedly and vary rapidly 
                         in amplitude. GPS signals are vulnerable to ionospheric 
                         irregularities and scintillate with amplitude variations exceeding 
                         20 dB. GPS is a weak signal system and scintillations can 
                         interrupt or degrade GPS receiver operation. For individual 
                         signals, interruption is caused by fading of the in-phase and 
                         quadrature signals, making the determination of phase by a 
                         tracking loop impossible. Degradation occurs when phase 
                         scintillations introduce ranging errors or when loss of tracking 
                         and failure to acquire signals increases the dilution of 
                         precision. GPS scintillations occur most often near the magnetic 
                         equator during solar maximum, but they can occur anywhere on Earth 
                         during any phase of the solar cycle. In this article we review the 
                         subject of GPS and ionospheric scintillations for scientists 
                         interested in space weather and engineers interested in the impact 
                         of scintillations on GPS receiver design and use.",
                  doi = "10.1029/2006SW000260",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2006SW000260",
                 issn = "1539-4956",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "swe177.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "16 jun. 2024"
}