@Article{GonçalvesMaAlMoSiMo:2011:EfBaIc,
               author = "Gon{\c{c}}alves, F. L. T. and Martins, J. A. and Albrecht, Rachel 
                         Ifanger and Morales, Carlos Augusto and Silva Dias, M. A. and 
                         Morris, C. E.",
          affiliation = "Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, IAG/USP/Brazil and Universidade 
                         Tecnol{\'o}gica Federal do Paran{\'a}, Londrina, PR, Brazil and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and Dept. of 
                         Atmospheric Sciences, IAG/USP/Brazil and Dept. of Atmospheric 
                         Sciences, IAG/USP/Brazil",
                title = "Effect of bacterial ice nuclei on the frequency and intensity of 
                         lightning activity inferred by the BRAMS model",
              journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussion",
                 year = "2011",
               volume = "11",
                pages = "26143--26171",
             keywords = "Bacterial ice nuclei, clouds.",
             abstract = "Many studies from the last decades have shown that airborne 
                         microorganisms can be intrinsically related with atmospheric 
                         processes. Certain bacteria may constitute the most active ice 
                         nuclei found in the atmosphere and might have some influence on 
                         the formation of ice crystals in clouds. This study deals with the 
                         ice nucleation activity of Pseudomonas syringae inside of 
                         thunderstorms through numerical simulations using BRAMS (Brazilian 
                         Regional Atmospheric Model System). The numerical simulations were 
                         developed in order to investigate the effect on the total amount 
                         of rainwater as a function of ice nuclei (IN) P. syringae 
                         concentrations with different scenarios (classified as S2 to S4 
                         scenarios) corresponding to maximum 102 to 103 IN bacteria per 
                         liter of cloud water plus the RAMS default (classified as S5 
                         scenario). Additionally, two other scenarios were included without 
                         any IN (S1) and the sum of RAMS default and S4 scenario 
                         (classified as S6). The chosen radiosonde data is for 3 March 
                         2003, typical summertime in S{\~a}o Paulo City which presents a 
                         strong convective cell. The objective of the simulations was to 
                         analyze the effect of the IN concentrations on the BRAMS modeled 
                         cloud properties and precipitation. The simulated electrification 
                         of the cloud permitted analysis of the total flashes estimated 
                         from precipitable and non-precipitable ice mass fluxes. Among all 
                         scenarios, only S4 and S6 presented a tendency to decrease the 
                         total cloud water, and all bacteria scenarios presented a tendency 
                         to decrease the total amount of rain at the ground (\−8%), 
                         agreeing with literature. All bacteria scenarios also present 
                         higher precipitable ice concentrations compared to S5 scenario, 
                         the RAMS default. The main results present the total flash number 
                         per simulation as well. From the results, the total flash number, 
                         in the simulation S4 and S6, is twice higher than the RAMS 
                         default. Even the smaller bacteria concentrations (scenarios S2 
                         and S3) produced higher number of flashes, 4 to 5, compared to the 
                         S5 with only 3. This result is a function of the hydrometeors in 
                         each simulation. In conclusion, IN bacteria could affect directly 
                         the thunderstorm structure and lightning formation with many other 
                         microphysical implications.",
                  doi = "10.5194/acpd-11-26143-2011",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-26143-2011",
                 issn = "1680-7375",
                label = "lattes: 7258266163150929 3 
                         Gon{\c{c}}alvesMaAlMoSiMo:2011:EfBaIc",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Gon{\c{c}}alves-acpd-11-26143-2011[1].pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "17 jun. 2024"
}