@Article{StarkBAVLSMAAOSSMCSAO:2020:LiChCa,
               author = "Stark, Scott C. and Breshears, David D. and Arag{\'o}n, Susan and 
                         Villegas, Juan Camilo and Law, Darin J. and Smith, Marielle N. and 
                         Minor, David M. and Assis, Rafael Leandro de and Almeida, Danilo 
                         Roberti Alves de and Oliveira, Gabriel de and Saleska, Scott R. 
                         and Swann, Abigail L. S. and Moura, Jos{\'e} Mauro S. and 
                         Camargo, Jos{\'e} Luis Campana and Silva, Rodrigo da and 
                         Arag{\~a}o, Luiz Eduardo Oliveira e Cruz de and Oliveira 
                         J{\'u}nior, Raimundo Cosme",
          affiliation = "{Michigan State University} and {University of Arizona} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA)} and 
                         {University of Arizona} and {University of Arizona} and {Michigan 
                         State University} and {Michigan State University} and {University 
                         of Arizona} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and 
                         {University of Toronto} and {University of Arizona} and 
                         {University of Washington} and {Universidade Federal do Oeste do 
                         Par{\'a} (UFOPA)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da 
                         Amaz{\^o}nia (INPA)} and {Laborat{\'o}rio de 
                         F{\'{\i}}\ısica e Qu{\'{\i}}\ımica da Atmosfera} 
                         and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Embrapa Amazonia Oriental}",
                title = "Reframing tropical savannization: linking changes in canopy 
                         structure to energy balance alterations that impact climate",
              journal = "Ecosphere",
                 year = "2020",
               volume = "11",
               number = "9",
                pages = "e03231",
                month = "Sept",
             keywords = "Amazon, climate change, Earth System Models, energy balance, 
                         forest transitions, lidar, rapid field assessment, savannization, 
                         vegetation structure.",
             abstract = "Tropical ecosystems are undergoing unprecedented rates of 
                         degradation from deforestation, fire, and drought disturbances. 
                         The collective effects of these disturbances threaten to shift 
                         large portions of tropical ecosystems such as Amazon forests into 
                         savanna-like structure via tree loss, functional changes, and the 
                         emergence of fire (savannization). Changes from forest states to a 
                         more open savanna-like structure can affect local microclimates, 
                         surface energy fluxes, and biosphere-atmosphere interactions. A 
                         predominant type of ecosystem state change is the loss of tree 
                         cover and structural complexity in disturbed forest. Although 
                         important advances have been made contrasting energy fluxes 
                         between historically distinct old-growth forest and savanna 
                         systems, the emergence of secondary forests and savanna-like 
                         ecosystems necessitates a reframing to consider gradients of tree 
                         structure that span forest to savanna-like states at multiple 
                         scales. In this Innovative Viewpoint, we draw from the literature 
                         on forest-grassland continua to develop a framework to assess the 
                         consequences of tropical forest degradation on surface energy 
                         fluxes and canopy structure. We illustrate this framework for 
                         forest sites with contrasting canopy structure that ranges from 
                         simple, open, and savanna-like to complex and closed, 
                         representative of tropical wet forest, within two climatically 
                         distinct regions in the Amazon. Using a recently developed rapid 
                         field assessment approach, we quantify differences in cover, leaf 
                         area vertical profiles, surface roughness, albedo, and energy 
                         balance partitioning between adjacent sites and compare canopy 
                         structure with adjacent old-growth forest; more structurally 
                         simple forests displayed lower net radiation. To address 
                         forest-atmosphere feedback, we also consider the effects of canopy 
                         structure change on susceptibility to additional future 
                         disturbance. We illustrate a converse transition-recovery in 
                         structure following disturbance-measuring forest canopy structure 
                         10 yr after the imposition of a 5-yr drought in the 
                         ground-breaking Seca Floresta experiment. Our approach 
                         strategically enables rapid characterization of surface properties 
                         relevant to vegetation models following degradation, and advances 
                         links between surface properties and canopy structure variables, 
                         increasingly available from remote sensing. Concluding, we 
                         hypothesize that understanding surface energy balance and 
                         microclimate change across degraded tropical forest states not 
                         only reveals critical atmospheric forcing, but also critical 
                         local-scale feedbacks from forest sensitivity to additional 
                         climate-linked disturbance.",
                  doi = "10.1002/ecs2.3231",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3231",
                 issn = "2150-8925",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "stark_reframing.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}