@Article{NepstadVANLLSPMMCB:1999:LaImAm,
               author = "Nepstad, Daniel C. and Verissimo, Adalberto and Alencar, Ane and 
                         Nobre, Carlos Afonso and Lima, Eirivelthon and Lefebvre, Paul and 
                         Schlesinger, Peter and Potter, Christopher and Moutinhot, Paulo 
                         and Mendoza, Eisa and Cochrane, Mark and Brooks, Vanessa",
          affiliation = "{CPTEC-INPE-Cachoeira Paulista-12630-000-SP-Brasil}",
                title = "Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and 
                         fire",
              journal = "Nature",
                 year = "1999",
               volume = "398",
               number = "6727",
                pages = "505--508",
                month = "Apr.",
             abstract = "Amzonian deforestation rates are used to determine human effects 
                         on the global carbon cycle 1-3 and to measure Brazil’s progress in 
                         curbing forest impoverishment 1,4,5. But this widely used measure 
                         of tropical land use tells only part of the story. Here we present 
                         field surveys of wood mills and forest burning across Brazilian 
                         Amazonia which show that logging crews severely damage 10,000 to 
                         15,000km2yr-1 offorest that are not included in deforestation 
                         mapping programmes. Moreover, we find that surface fires bum 
                         additionallarge areas of standing forest, the destruction of which 
                         is normally not documented. Forest impoverishment due to such 
                         fires mar increase dramatically when severe droughts provoke 
                         forest leaf-shedding and greater flammability; our regional 
                         water-balance model indicates that an estimated 270,000 km2 of 
                         forest became vulnerable to fire in the 1998 dry season. Overall, 
                         we find that present estimates of annual deforestation for 
                         Brazilian Amazonia capture less than half of the forest area that 
                         is impoverished each year, and even less during years of severe 
                         drOUght. Both logging and fire increase forest vulnerability to 
                         future burning{"},7 and release forest carbon stocks to the 
                         atmosphere, potentially doubling net carbon emissions Ifrom 
                         regional land-use during severe El Niflo episodes. If this forest 
                         impoverishment is to be controIled, then logging activities I need 
                         to be restricted or replaced with low-impact timber harvest 
                         techniques, and more effective strategies to prevent accidental 
                         forest fires need to be implemented.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0028-0836",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Nepstad_Large scale improverishement.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "15 jun. 2024"
}