@InProceedings{SánchezJuarezKherAstaPaul:2021:IoDiOb,
               author = "S{\'a}nchez Juarez, Sa{\'u}l Alejandro and Kherani, Esfhan Alam 
                         and Astafyeva, Elvira and Paula, Eurico Rodrigues de",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Institut de Physique 
                         du Globe de Paris} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)}",
                title = "Ionospheric disturbances observed following the Ridgecrest 
                         earthquakes of 4 July 2019",
                 year = "2021",
         organization = "AGU Fall Meeting",
            publisher = "AGU",
             abstract = "Earthquakes are known to generate disturbances in the ionosphere 
                         due to the Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupling in which 
                         seismic energy is transferred in the atmosphere and ionosphere in 
                         the form of Acoustic-Gravity Waves. Such disturbances, known as 
                         co-seismic ionospheric disturbances (CIDs) were previously 
                         reported for large earthquakes with magnitudes Mw \≥ 6.6. 
                         The present study reports CIDs associated with Ridgecrest 
                         earthquakes of magnitudes (Mw=6.4, 4.6), that occurred on 4 July 
                         2019 in California, USA. The CIDs occurred as Traveling 
                         Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) in total electron content (TEC) 
                         data. These seismic-origin TIDs acquire unique wave 
                         characteristics that distinguish them from TIDs of non-seismic 
                         origin arising from a moderate geomagnetic activity on the same 
                         day. Their spectral characteristics relate them to the Earths 
                         normal modes and atmospheric resonance modes. The vertical ground 
                         velocity associated with the mainshock, rather than the vertical 
                         ground displacement, is found to satisfy the threshold criteria 
                         required for generation of detectable CIDs in TEC measurements. 
                         The cross-correlation analysis is used to quantify the wave 
                         parameters and their role in the identification of \∆TEC of 
                         seismic origin. Numerical simulation confirms that the 
                         Seismo-Atmosphere-Ionosphere coupled dynamics energized by the 
                         atmospheric waves is responsible for the generation of the 
                         observed CIDs. Our work demonstrates the potential of TEC 
                         measurement to detect ionospheric counterparts of moderate and 
                         weak earthquakes. We found a new vertical ground velocity 
                         threshold at 2-6 mHz of approximately 0.1-0.6 cm/s, which can 
                         generate an ionospheric drift corresponding to approximately 
                         60-360 m/s. Therefore, these drifts are sufficient to generate 
                         CIDs detectable in TEC data series.",
  conference-location = "New Orleans, LA",
      conference-year = "13-17 Dez. 2021",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "29 jun. 2024"
}