@Article{MarsigliEACCCDGHLM:2021:ObHiWe,
               author = "Marsigli, Chiara and Ebert, Elizabeth and Ashrit, Raghavendra and 
                         Casati, B{\'a}rbara and Chen, Jing and Coelho, Caio Augusto dos 
                         Santos and Dorninger, Manfred and Gilleland, Eric and Haiden, 
                         Thomas and Landman, Stephanie and Mittermaier, Marion",
          affiliation = "{Deutscher Wetterdienst} and {Bureau of Meteorology} and {National 
                         Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF)} and MRD/ECCC 
                         and {Center of Numerical Weather Prediction} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of Vienna} 
                         and {National Center for Atmospheric Research} and ECMWF and 
                         {South African Weather Service} and MetOffice",
                title = "Review article: Observations for high-impact weather and their use 
                         in verification",
              journal = "Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "21",
               number = "4",
                pages = "1297--1312",
                month = "Apr.",
             abstract = "Verification of forecasts and warnings of high-impact weather is 
                         needed by the meteorological centres, but how to perform it still 
                         presents many open questions, starting from which data are 
                         suitable as reference. This paper reviews new observations which 
                         can be considered for the verification of high-impact weather and 
                         provides advice for their usage in objective verification. Two 
                         high-impact weather phenomena are considered: thunderstorm and 
                         fog. First, a framework for the verification of high-impact 
                         weather is proposed, including the definition of forecast and 
                         observations in this context and creation of a verification set. 
                         Then, new observations showing a potential for the detection and 
                         quantification of high-impact weather are reviewed, including 
                         remote sensing datasets, products developed for nowcasting, 
                         datasets derived from telecommunication systems, data collected 
                         from citizens, reports of impacts and claim/damage reports from 
                         insurance companies. The observation characteristics which are 
                         relevant for their usage in forecast verification are also 
                         discussed. Examples of forecast evaluation and verification are 
                         then presented, highlighting the methods which can be adopted to 
                         address the issues posed by the usage of these non-conventional 
                         observations and objectively quantify the skill of a high-impact 
                         weather forecast.",
                  doi = "10.5194/nhess-21-1297-2021",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1297-2021",
                 issn = "1684-9981",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "marsigli_2021.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}