@Article{SantosFoKrVeFeLa:2022:ElOxCi,
               author = "Santos, Alexsandro J. dos and Fortunato, Guilherme V. and Kronka, 
                         Matheus S. and Vernasqui, L{\'a}is G. and Ferreira, Neiden{\^e}i 
                         Gomes and Lanza, Marcos R. V.",
          affiliation = "{Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Universidade de 
                         S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} 
                         and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Instituto Nacional 
                         de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo 
                         (USP)}",
                title = "Electrochemical oxidation of ciprofloxacin in different aqueous 
                         matrices using synthesized boron-doped micro and nano-diamond 
                         anodes",
              journal = "Environmental Research",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "204",
                pages = "e112027",
                month = "Mar.",
             keywords = "Ciprofloxacin, Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes, 
                         Hydroxyl radical, Nanotechnology, Real wastewater, Synthetic 
                         urine.",
             abstract = "The present work investigates the electrocatalytic performance of 
                         two different morphologies of boron doped-diamond film electrode 
                         (microcrystalline diamond - MCD, and nanocrystalline diamond - 
                         NCD) used in electrochemical oxidation for the removal of the 
                         antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP). A thorough study was conducted 
                         regarding the formation of the MCD and NCD films through the 
                         adjustment of methane in CH4/H2 gas mixture, and the two films 
                         were compared in terms of crystalline structure, apparent doping 
                         level, and electrochemical properties. The physicochemical results 
                         showed that the NCD film had higher sp2 carbon content and greater 
                         doping level; this contributed to improvements in its surface 
                         roughness, as well as its specific capacitance and charge 
                         transfer, which consequently enhanced its electrocatalytic 
                         activity in comparison with the MCD. The results obtained from CIP 
                         removal and mineralization assays performed in sulfate medium also 
                         showed that the NCD was more efficient than the MCD under all the 
                         current densities investigated. The effects of CIP concentration 
                         and the evolution of the final by-products, including short-chain 
                         carboxylic acids and inorganic ions, were also investigated. The 
                         electrochemical performance of the NCD was evaluated in different 
                         aqueous matrices, including chloride medium, real wastewater and 
                         simulated urine. The application of the NCD led to complete or 
                         almost complete CIP degradation, regardless of the medium 
                         employed. The kinetic constant rates obtained under the different 
                         media investigated were as follows: synthetic urine (0.0416 
                         min\−1 R2 = 0.991) < real wastewater (0.0923 min\−1 
                         R2 = 0.997) < synthetic matrix containing chloride (0.1992 
                         min\−1 R2 = 0.995); this shows that the pollutant 
                         degradation was affected by the type of aqueous matrix and the 
                         oxidants that were electrogenerated in situ. The results obtained 
                         from the analysis of electrical energy per order (EE/O) showed 
                         that the treatment of simulated urine spkiked with required the 
                         highest energy consumption, followed by the real effluent and 
                         synthetic matrix containing chloride. The present study proves the 
                         viability of electrocatalytic nanostructured materials to the 
                         treatment of antibiotics in complex matrices.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.envres.2021.112027",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112027",
                 issn = "0013-9351",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "santos_eletrochemical_2022.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "25 jun. 2024"
}