@Article{GrinsvenEGGHLLMPQBJ:2022:EsLoNi,
               author = "van Grinsven, Hans J. M. and Ebanyat, Peter and Glendining, 
                         Margaret and Gu, Baojing and Hijbeek, Renske and Lam, Shu Kee and 
                         Lassaletta, Luis and Mueller, Nathaniel D. and Pacheco, Felipe 
                         Siqueira and Quemada, Miguel and Bruulsema, Tom W. and Jacobsen, 
                         Brian H.",
          affiliation = "{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Establishing long-term nitrogen response of global cereals to 
                         assess sustainable fertilizer rates",
              journal = "Nature Food",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "3",
                pages = "122--132",
                 note = "{Pr{\^e}mio CAPES Elsevier 2023 - ODS 2: Fome zero e Agricultura 
                         sustent{\'a}vel}",
             abstract = "Quantifying the long-term (LT) response of crop yields to nitrogen 
                         fertilizer is critical to improving nutrient management practices. 
                         Based on 25 LT field experiments, this study develops a generic LT 
                         nitrogen response function for global cereals to characterize the 
                         yield impacts, associated LT economic benefits and external costs 
                         of changing nitrogen inputs. Insight into the response of cereal 
                         yields to nitrogen fertilizer is fundamental to improving nutrient 
                         management and policies to sustain economic crop benefits and food 
                         sufficiency with minimum nitrogen pollution. Here we propose a new 
                         method to assess long-term (LT) regional sustainable nitrogen 
                         inputs. The core is a novel scaled response function between 
                         normalized yield and total net nitrogen input. The function was 
                         derived from 25 LT field trials for wheat, maize and barley in 
                         Europe, Asia and North America and is fitted by a second-order 
                         polynomial (R-2 = 0.82). Using response functions derived from 
                         common short-term field trials, with soil nitrogen not in steady 
                         state, gives the risks of soil nitrogen depletion or nitrogen 
                         pollution. The scaled LT curve implies that the total nitrogen 
                         input required to attain the maximum yield is independent of this 
                         maximum yield as postulated by Mitscherlich in 1924. This unique 
                         curve was incorporated into a simple economic model with valuation 
                         of externalities of nitrogen surplus as a function of regional 
                         per-capita gross domestic product. The resulting LT sustainable 
                         nitrogen inputs range from 150 to 200 kgN ha(-1) and this interval 
                         narrows with increasing yield potential and decreasing gross 
                         domestic product. The adoption of LT response curves and external 
                         costs in cereals may have important implications for policies and 
                         application ceilings for nitrogen use in regional and global 
                         agriculture and ultimately the global distribution of cereal 
                         production.",
                  doi = "10.1038/s43016-021-00447-x",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00447-x",
                 issn = "2662-1355",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "25 jun. 2024"
}