@Article{PinheiroHodGanFerAnd:2022:CoDoBa,
               author = "Pinheiro, Henri Rossi and Hodges, Kevin I. and Gan, Manoel Alonso 
                         and Ferreira, Sergio Henrique Soares and Andrade, Kelen M.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {University 
                         of Reading} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} 
                         and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Centro 
                         Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais 
                         (CEMADEN)}",
                title = "Contributions of downstream baroclinic development to strong 
                         Southern Hemisphere cut-off lows",
              journal = "Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "148",
               number = "742",
                pages = "214--232",
                month = "Jan.",
             abstract = "Cut-Off Lows (COLs) in the Southern Hemisphere and the mechanisms 
                         involved in their development are investigated in detail using the 
                         eddy kinetic energy (EKE) budget applied to data from the 
                         ERA-Interim reanalysis. This approach considers the most important 
                         processes that are typical for the evolution of midlatitude 
                         disturbances such as the baroclinic (BRC) and barotropic (BRT) 
                         conversions, and the ageostrophic flux convergence (AFC), known as 
                         downstream development. Composites of the volume-integrated EKE 
                         and its components are evaluated based on the 200 most intense SH 
                         COLs (>98th percentile) observed in a 36-year period. Results show 
                         that the AFC together with the BRC conversion are the most 
                         important contributors to the EKE growth for the COLs, 
                         characterizing the downstream baroclinic development. The AFC 
                         plays an important role in genesis and intensification phases of 
                         the COLs, while the BRC conversion is important for the system 
                         maintenance. The dissipation of the COLs occurs due to dispersive 
                         fluxes (ageostrophic flux divergence) together with other 
                         processes not directly computed in the EKE equation, such as 
                         friction and latent heat release which are problematic in 
                         reanalysis datasets. The BRT conversion contributes negatively to 
                         the COL development by transferring EKE to the zonal flow kinetic 
                         energy, though this is not enough to dampen the intensification. 
                         Regional differences were found in the energetics, indicating that 
                         COLs originating upstream of the continents are clearly dominated 
                         by ageostrophic fluxes, while the systems over the Australian 
                         region are mostly driven by baroclinic processes.",
                  doi = "10.1002/qj.4201",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qj.4201",
                 issn = "0035-9009",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc - 2021 - Pinheiro - Contributions of 
                         downstream baroclinic development to strong Southern.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "25 jun. 2024"
}