@Article{RozanteRamiFern:2022:NeDeSo,
               author = "Rozante, Jos{\'e} Roberto and Ramirez Gutierrez, Enver Manuel 
                         Amador and Fernandez, Alex de Almeida",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "A newly developed South American Mapping of Temperature with 
                         estimated lapse rate corrections",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "42",
               number = "4",
                pages = "2135--2152",
                month = "Mar.",
             keywords = "lapse rate, SAMeT, South American, temperature.",
             abstract = "In the present work a recently developed product, the South 
                         American Mapping of Temperature (SAMeT), is presented. SAMeT 
                         minimizes certain deficiencies associated with both the eventual 
                         lack of observations and incorporates temperature corrections due 
                         to elevation or lapse rate of temperature (LRT) considerations. 
                         SAMeT is based on combinations of observed 2-m temperatures and 
                         ERA5 reanalysis, as well as LRTs values computed from maximum 
                         (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) temperatures. The LRT were computed 
                         using a simple linear regression on a 40-year ERA5 reanalysis 
                         dataset and a digital elevation model dataset from Global Digital 
                         Elevation (GTOPO30). It was obtained that the computed LRT is 
                         consistently smaller than the standard LRT for all the seasons and 
                         studied regions. The South American territory was divided into 
                         four subdomains and the evaluation performed via a cross 
                         validation. This methodology consists in removing 90% of the 
                         observations to form OBS90 and generate the SAMeT fields. The 
                         remaining 10% (OBS10) is used for validation purposes. An 
                         additional dataset, hereafter referred to as OBS90i, is obtained 
                         using Kriging interpolation of OBS90 along with GTOPO30 and 
                         temperature adjustment by a standard LRT 
                         (\−6.5°C·km\−1). The evaluation period was from 
                         January 2011 to December 2013. Thus by using the standard LRT, a 
                         systematic negative bias for the temperature is obtained. On the 
                         other hand, ERA5 displays underestimation for Tmax and 
                         overestimation for Tmin. Furthermore, in comparative terms ERA5 
                         displays the larger errors; thus, it is suggested that a bias 
                         remotion is important for any application involving these data. 
                         The systematic application of computed values for LRT in addition 
                         to a combination between observations and ERA5 data allows SAMeT 
                         to generate fields with smaller errors compared to observations 
                         than ERA5 while keeping spatial correlations. Thus, the present 
                         product brings an innovation to the temperature space fields for 
                         the South American region.",
                  doi = "10.1002/joc.7356",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.7356",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Intl Journal of Climatology - 2021 - Rozante - A newly developed 
                         South American Mapping of Temperature with estimated lapse 
                         (1).pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "25 jun. 2024"
}