@Article{SánchezJuarezKherAstaPaul:2022:IoDiOb,
               author = "S{\'a}nchez Juarez, Sa{\'u}l Alejandro and Kherani, Esfhan Alam 
                         and Astafyeva, Elvira and Paula, Eurico Rodrigues de",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universit{\'e} de 
                         Paris} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Ionospheric Disturbances Observed Following the Ridgecrest 
                         Earthquake of 4 July 2019 in California, USA",
              journal = "Remote Sensing",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "14",
               number = "1",
                pages = "e188",
                month = "Jan.",
             keywords = "Acoustic gravity waves, Coupling earthquakes, GNSS-TEC, 
                         Seismo–atmosphere–ionosphere.",
             abstract = "Earthquakes are known to generate disturbances in the ionosphere. 
                         Such disturbances, referred to as co-seismic ionospheric 
                         disturbances, or ionoquakes, were previously reported for large 
                         earthquakes with magnitudes Mw \≥ 6.6. This paper reports 
                         ionoquakes associated with the Ridgecrest earthquakes of magnitude 
                         (Mw = 6.4), that occurred on 4 July 2019 in California, USA. The 
                         ionoquakes manifested in total electron content (TEC) in the form 
                         of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) within 1 h from the 
                         mainshock onset. These seismic-origin TIDs have unique wave 
                         characteristics that distinguish them from TIDs of non-seismic 
                         origin arising from a moderate geomagnetic activity on the same 
                         day. Moreover, in the space-time domain of the detection of 
                         seismic-origin TIDs, TIDs are absent on the day before and day 
                         after the earthquake day. Their spectral characteristics relate 
                         them to the Earths normal modes and atmospheric resonance modes. 
                         We found the ground velocity associated with the mainshock, rather 
                         than the ground displacement, satisfies the threshold criteria for 
                         detectable ionoquakes in TEC measurements. Numerical simulation 
                         suggested that the coupled seismoatmosphereionosphere (SAI) 
                         dynamics energized by the atmospheric waves are responsible for 
                         the generation of ionoquakes. This studys findings demonstrate the 
                         potential of using TEC measurement to detect the ionospheric 
                         counterparts of moderate earthquakes.",
                  doi = "10.3390/rs14010188",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14010188",
                 issn = "2072-4292",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "remotesensing-14-00188-v2.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "06 jun. 2024"
}