@Article{PaulaMoraMoni:2022:IoScCh,
               author = "Paula, Eurico Rodrigues de and Moraes, Alison de Oliveira and 
                         Monico, Jo{\~a}o Francisco Galera",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Ionospheric scintillations characteristics and their effects over 
                         GNSS signal and position and navigation systems at Brazilian 
                         region",
              journal = "Revista Brasileira de Geof{\'{\i}}sica",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "40",
               number = "Esp.",
                pages = "e2151",
             keywords = "ionospheric scintillations, GNSS, positioning and navigation 
                         system.",
             abstract = "The ionosphere is an ionized layer extending from about 50 km to 
                         1,000 km of altitude. When an electromagnetic signal cross this 
                         layer it suffers a delay in its group velocity and an advance in 
                         its phase velocity. The ionosphere is very dynamics and after the 
                         sunset its F region equatorial bottomside is lifted up by the 
                         intensified eastward electric field, giving origin to an steep 
                         plasma gradient. This configurates an unstable condition with 
                         higher density plasma standing over lower density one. This 
                         instability pushes rarified plasma upward giving origin to large 
                         regions named Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPB) that rise at 
                         equatorial regions and map to low latitudes along the magnetic 
                         field lines and can reach continental extension. Through cascating 
                         process small scale irregularities (cm to km) are generated inside 
                         the EPBs. Due to refractive effects amplitude and phase 
                         scintillations are generated in the signal crossing these 
                         irregularities. Trans-ionospheric signals used in 
                         telecommunication links and in the GNSS applications are severely 
                         affected during ionospheric scintillations. In this work we will 
                         present the ionospheric scintillation morphology over Brazilian 
                         longitudinal sector, its effects over positioning and navigation 
                         systems and the existing methodology to mitigate them.",
                  doi = "10.22564/brjg.v40i5.2151",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.22564/brjg.v40i5.2151",
                 issn = "0102-261X",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "05 jun. 2024"
}