@MastersThesis{Verona:2002:PaUtDa,
author = "Verona, Jane Delane",
title = "Classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o e monitoramento fenol{\'o}gico foliar
da cobertura vegetal na regi{\~a}o da floresta Nacional do
Tapaj{\'o}s - Par{\'a}, utilizando dados multitemporais do
sensor {"}thematic mapper{"} (TM) do Landsat",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2002",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2002-06-03",
keywords = "sensoriamento remoto, fenologia, dossel florestal, {\'{\i}}ndice
de vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o, floresta tropical, remote sensing,
phenology, forest canopy, vegetation index, tropical forest.",
abstract = "A import{\^a}ncia relativa da acur{\'a}cia no mapeamento da
cobertura florestal se d{\'a} na necessidade da
obten{\c{c}}{\~a}o de melhoria na elabora{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
planos de manejo dos recursos naturais e na
determina{\c{c}}{\~a}o de {\'a}reas priorit{\'a}rias para
conserva{\c{c}}{\~a}o, assim como na an{\'a}lise da paisagem.
Outro aspecto que tem despertado cada vez mais interesse na
comunidade cient{\'{\i}}fica diz respeito {\`a}s modelagens de
ciclos biogeoqu{\'{\i}}micos e mudan{\c{c}}as globais. Estudos
relacionados especificam pesquisas de cunho ecol{\'o}gico, por
direcionarem importantes quest{\~o}es a respeito de modelagens
globais, monitoramento e mudan{\c{c}}as clim{\'a}ticas. A
principal contribui{\c{c}}{\~a}o deste trabalho foi identificar
e quantificar a flutua{\c{c}}{\~a}o da resposta espectral ao
longo de sete meses distintos, em decorr{\^e}ncia das
varia{\c{c}}{\~o}es clim{\'a}ticas relacionadas {\`a}
fenologia florestal, e, a partir disso, direcionar a escolha de
imagens mais adequadas para discriminar fisionomias em {\'a}reas
de floresta tropical. A {\'a}rea de estudo localiza-se na
regi{\~a}o norte da Floresta Nacional do Tapaj{\'o}s, estado do
Par{\'a}. Foram utilizadas imagens multitemporais do
TM/Landsat-5, correspondentes aos meses selecionados no
per{\'{\i}}odo de maio de 1997 at{\'e} agosto de 1999.
Inicialmente estas imagens passaram por processos de
pr{\'e}-processamento que envolveram procedimentos de
retifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o geom{\'e}trica e registro, assim como de
retifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o radiom{\'e}trica. Al{\'e}m das bandas 3,
4, 5 e 7 de cada imagem, foram geradas bandas sint{\'e}ticas como
NDVI, raz{\~a}o 5/4 e imagens fra{\c{c}}{\~a}o sombra, solo e
vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o. Em seguida, algumas etapas foram
desenvolvidas para garantir a escolha de amostras confi{\'a}veis
de classes vegetais para a realiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o dos testes
estat{\'{\i}}sticos: an{\'a}lise preliminar com a imagem de
1999 (m{\'a}scara de floresta e n{\~a}o floresta);
detec{\c{c}}{\~a}o de mudan{\c{c}}a entre duas datas, 1986 e
1999 (garantir a presen{\c{c}}a de floresta na {\'u}ltima data)e
m{\'a}scara de nuvens (com todas as datas). Sete amostras
florestais foram selecionadas, entre elas florestas do alto e
baixo plat{\^o}, baba{\c{c}}u, regenera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de 21
anos e escarpa. Visando confirmar a presen{\c{c}}a de
diferen{\c{c}}as sazonais (fenologia) a n{\'{\i}}vel terrestre,
campanhas de campo foram realizadas, onde foram coletadas
informa{\c{c}}{\~o}es flor{\'{\i}}sticas e estruturais, assim
como medidas da varia{\c{c}}{\~a}o do {\'{\i}}ndice de
{\'a}rea foliar atrav{\'e}s do LAI-2000, em tr{\^e}s
{\'e}pocas diferentes, em alguns transectos de floresta
prim{\'a}ria e secund{\'a}ria. Os resultados n{\~a}o foram
satisfat{\'o}rios. No entanto, em n{\'{\i}}vel orbital,
elaborou-se a correla{\c{c}}{\~a}o entre a
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o e as bandas de cada imagem para as sete
classes vegetais, confirmando a presen{\c{c}}a da
varia{\c{c}}{\~a}o sazonal, j{\'a} que encontrou-se uma
correla{\c{c}}{\~a}o entre a precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o e a imagem
fra{\c{c}}{\~a}o vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o de 0,94. O interessante
foi que o NDVI, apresentou uma correla{\c{c}}{\~a}o muito baixa,
talvez por saturar rapidamente dentro do ambiente florestal. Com
base nos resultados obtidos, prosseguiu-se com a
rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o das melhores datas e processamentos para
classificar as amostras vegetais. Assim, dois testes
estat{\'{\i}}sticos foram utilizados: testes de anomalias e a
an{\'a}lise discriminante {"}stepwise{"}. Os dois testes
selecionaram os mesmos meses, setembro, outubro, dezembro e maio,
como os ideais para classificar o maior n{\'u}mero de amostras
vegetais, sendo que as bandas escolhidas em ambos foram a imagem
fra{\c{c}}{\~a}o sombra, a banda 3, a imagem
fra{\c{c}}{\~a}o-vegeta{\c{c}}{\~a}o e banda 5. O teste de
anomalia identificou a banda 7, enquanto que o NDVI foi
selecionado na an{\'a}lise discriminante {"}stepwise{"}. A
classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o unitemporal separou no m{\'a}ximo
56,61por cento das amostras vegetais, enquanto que a multitemporal
alcan{\c{c}}ou, utilizando 3 ou mais datas, v{\'a}rias
bandas/processamentos, valores acima de 90 por cento na
classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o. A metodologia adotada alcan{\c{c}}ou
os objetivos e poder{\'a} contribuir para futuros estudos de
classifica{\c{c}}{\~a}o multitemporal da cobertura florestal em
ambientes tropicais. ABSTRACT: The relative importance of accuracy
in forest cover mapping is given by the necessity to obtain
improvement in the elaboration of a management plan of natural
resources and in the definition of priority areas for
conservation, as well as in landscape analysis. Other aspect that
has raised even more interest in the scientific community is
concerned to modeling of biogeochemical cycles and global changes.
Studies related to forest phenology have offered promising results
to help the researches of ecological subject, by directing
important questions with respect to global modeling, monitoring
and climate changes. The main contribution of this work was to
identify and quantify the fluctuation of spectral response
throughout of seven distinct months, as a consequence of forest
phenology related to climate variations, and, from this, to direct
the choice of images more adequate for discriminating
physiognomies in tropical forest areas. The study area is located
in the north region of the Tapaj{\'o}s National Forest, Par{\'a}
State. Multitemporal Landsat-5 TM images, corresponding to the
months selected in the period from May 1997 to August 1999 were
utilized. Initially, these images were pre-processed involving
procedures of geometric rectification and image registration, as
well as radiometric rectification. Besides 3, 4, 5, and 7 bands of
each TM image, it was also generated synthetics bands such as
NDVI, 5/4 ratio, and shade, soil and vegetation fraction images.
Following, some tasks were developed to guarantee reliable samples
of vegetation classes to perform the statistical tests:
preliminary analysis with 1999 TM image (forest and non forest
mask); change detection between two dates, 1986 and 1999 (to
guarantee the presence of forest cover in the latest date) and
cloud masks for all dates. Seven forest samples were selected,
with forest in the high and low plateau, {"}baba{\c{c}}u{"},
regeneration areas with 21 years and scarp among them. With the
objective to verify the presence of phenology at terrestrial
level, field campaigns were performed, where floristic and
structural information were collected, as well as measurements of
leaf area index variation, with LAI-2000, in three different
epochs, in some primary and secondary forest transects. The
results were not satisfactory. However, at orbital level, the
correlation between precipitation and the bands of each TM image
for the seven vegetation classes were elaborated, confirming the
presence of seasonal variation, considering that a correlation of
0.94 between precipitation and vegetation fraction image was
achieved. The interesting thing was that the NDVI presented a very
low correlation, maybe due to the fact that NDVI values saturate
rapidly in the forest environment. Based on these results, the
work was pursued by selecting the best dates and processing to
classify the vegetation classes. So, two statistical approaches
were performed: the anomaly test and the stepwise discriminant
analysis. Both tests selected the same months, September, October,
December, and May, as the ideal for classifying the highest number
of vegetation samples, and the selected bands by both statistical
approaches were shade fraction image, band 3, vegetation fraction
image, and band 5. In addition, the anomaly test identified the
band 7, while the NDVI was selected in the stepwise discriminant
analysis. The unitemporal classification approach discriminated a
maximum of 56.61 percent of the vegetation samples, while the
multitemporal approach achieved values greater than 90 pecent of
classification, utilizing 3 or more dates and several bands. The
adopted methodology achieved successfully the objectives of this
work and will be useful for future multitemporal classification of
forest cover in the tropical environment.",
committee = "Carvalho, Vitor Celso de (presidente) and Shimabukuro, Yosio
Edemir (orientador) and Santos, Jo{\~a}o Roberto dos (orientador)
and Freitas, Corina da Costa and Nelson, Bruce Walker and
Oliveira, Yeda Maria Malheiros de",
englishtitle = "Phenology foliar classification and monitoring the vegetation
cover in the Tapaj{\'o}s National Forest region Par{\'a} State,
utilization multitemporal data from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)
sensor",
label = "10148",
language = "pt",
pages = "159",
ibi = "6qtX3pFwXQZsFDuKxG/xdtuk",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/6qtX3pFwXQZsFDuKxG/xdtuk",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "18 jun. 2024"
}