@Article{CostaAmSoCaSaSoCa:2023:FoFiBr,
               author = "Costa, Maria Ang{\'e}lica M. and Amaral, Simone Sim{\~o}es and 
                         Soares Neto, Tur{\'{\i}}bio Gomes and Cardoso, Arnaldo A. and 
                         Santos, Jos{\'e} Carlos dos and Souza, Michele L. and Carvalho, 
                         Jo{\~a}o A.",
          affiliation = "{Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)} and {Instituto Nacional 
                         de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universidade Estadual Paulista 
                         (UNESP)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} 
                         and {Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)} and {Universidade 
                         Estadual Paulista (UNESP)}",
                title = "Forest Fires in the Brazilian Amazon and their Effects on 
                         Particulate Matter Concentration, Size Distribution, and Chemical 
                         Composition",
              journal = "Combustion Science and Technology",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "195",
               number = "13",
                pages = "3045--3071",
             keywords = "Amazonian deforestation fire, chemical compounds, combustion 
                         phases, particulate matter emission.",
             abstract = "The number of fires in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest has 
                         increased in recent years. Particulate matter emitted from these 
                         fires can affect different locations, depending on air mass 
                         trajectories. Characterization of such particles can help to 
                         analyze their effects. In the present work, particulate matter 
                         smaller than 2.5 µm from forest fires was evaluated in terms of 
                         particle size distribution, concentration, water-soluble organic 
                         compounds (WSOC), and water-soluble ions. The influence of 
                         combustion phases on the particulate matter emissions was 
                         investigated. Data were collected from a forest fire experiment 
                         conducted in the Brazilian Amazon (town of Candeias do Jamari, 
                         State of Rond{\^o}nia), under real conditions, where the samples 
                         were taken directly from the smoke plume. The results showed that 
                         the concentration and diameter of the particles changed 
                         significantly depending on the combustion phase. Particle sizes 
                         ranged from 0.066 to 0.275 µm. The highest concentration of PM2.5 
                         was found in the flaming phase (140000 \μg m\−3). 
                         Concentrations of sulfate, potassium, phosphate, ammonium, formate 
                         and WSOC presented significant differences when compared among the 
                         burning test and smoldering samplings. The burning test presented 
                         the highest concentration of WSOC (800 \μg m\−3 for 
                         the particles smaller than 0.4 \μm). The potassium 
                         concentration was significantly higher during the burning test. 
                         Ions containing N, S, P, and K represented the highest percentage 
                         of particle mass. These chemical species act as macronutrients and 
                         may cause an environmental imbalance in natural forests. 
                         Furthermore, the presence of sulfate and nitrate in the analyzed 
                         samples can contribute to acid deposition.",
                  doi = "10.1080/00102202.2021.2019229",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2021.2019229",
                 issn = "0010-2202",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "15 jun. 2024"
}