@Article{PessôaMoSiDoCaArO:2023:PrArAr,
               author = "Pess{\^o}a, Ana Carolina Moreira and Morello, Thiago Fonseca and 
                         Silva J{\'u}nior, Celso Henrique Leite and Doblas, Juan and 
                         Carvalho, Nath{\'a}lia S. and Arag{\~a}o, Luiz Eduardo Oliveira 
                         e Cruz de and O., Anderson Liana",
          affiliation = "{Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amaz{\^o}nia (IPAM)} and 
                         {Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC)} and {University of 
                         California Los Angeles} and GlobEO and {Instituto de Pesquisa 
                         Ambiental da Amaz{\^o}nia (IPAM)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Centro Nacional de Monitoramento 
                         e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (CEMADEN)}",
                title = "Protected areas are effective on curbing fires in the Amazon",
              journal = "Ecological Economics",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "214",
                pages = "e107983",
                month = "Dec.",
             keywords = "Amazon, Differences-in-differences, Fire, Land Use, Matching, 
                         Protected areas.",
             abstract = "The assessment of whether protected areas (PAs) inhibit 
                         environmentally damaging fires is challenged by three sources of 
                         bias: (i) non-random site protection, (ii) influence of 
                         simultaneous land use and environmental changes, and (iii) 
                         unobservable time-invariant fire predictors. These biases were 
                         mitigated here with a quasi-experimental approach combining 
                         matching, differences-and-differences and the fixed-effects 
                         estimator. An extensive pixel-level dataset covering the 6 million 
                         km2 of the Amazon region across 18 years was analyzed. The five 
                         types of PAs considered differed on governmental level (national 
                         or subnational) and protection stringency (permitting either 
                         indirect or direct use of resources, or only indigenous 
                         inhabitants). Results attested PAs' effectiveness in containing 
                         fires on average, although in a degree 1.4 orders of magnitude 
                         smaller than in biased estimation. Still, the effect was 
                         considerable, with fire likelihood reduced, depending on the fire 
                         measure, in 7% or 12% in the average pixel-year. Also, the effect 
                         was heterogeneous, being larger in subnational PAs, albeit not 
                         with indirect use permitted, whereas national direct use PAs did 
                         not avoid fires. Results were robust to clustered standard errors 
                         and, in a reasonable degree, to Rosenbaum's hidden bias test. 
                         Consequently, expanding subnational PAs and enforcing all PA types 
                         could curb fires' environmental damages.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107983",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107983",
                 issn = "0921-8009",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "1-s2.0-S092180092300246X-main.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "16 jun. 2024"
}