@InProceedings{LemesSampFisc:2023:AmDeCo,
               author = "Lemes, Murilo Ruv da Costa and Sampaio, Gilvan and Fisch, Gilberto 
                         Fernando",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Amazon deforestation combined high atmospheric CO2 concentration, 
                         a new state of South America climate",
            booktitle = "Proceedings...",
                 year = "2023",
         organization = "AGU FAll Meeting",
            publisher = "AGU",
             abstract = "The land cover change in the Amazon basin has been a high-impact 
                         subject in climate studies, especially those that evaluated the 
                         hydrological issues not only locally but also regionally. However, 
                         the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide may lead to different 
                         behavior in the biosphere-atmosphere coupled system, which brings 
                         a worse climate change scenario. Therefore, the main goal is to 
                         evaluate how the total Amazon deforestation and higher atmospheric 
                         carbon dioxide concentration modulate the moisture transport 
                         mechanism in the South America continent. Through a climate 
                         modelling study, the CPTEC-BAM (Brazilian Atmospheric Model) and 
                         CESM (Community Earth System Model) were selected to simulate such 
                         processes over the Amazon basin and Sao Paulo region during the 
                         austral summer (December-January-February / wet season). Both 
                         models were forced by HadGEM- CMIP6 Sea Surface Temperature (SST). 
                         The Amazon forest was completely replaced by grasslands (C4) and 
                         the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) was 
                         considered as a greenhouse gas scenario. Finally, the Specific 
                         Warming Level 2 (SWL2) was applied as the main index to analyze 
                         the atmospheric changes. The 30-year period in which the 2.0o C is 
                         reached in comparison to the pre-industrial period is considered 
                         the SWL period (in this case 2024-2054 (CPTEC-BAM) and 2029-2059 
                         (CESM)). The results showed a stronger local evapotranspiration 
                         (physiological parameters stomatal conductance reduction) and 
                         precipitation reduction (~ -0.7 mm.day-1 and ~ -1.5 mm.day-1), 
                         however, the wind speed over the Amazon forest increased (17%). 
                         Such change contributed to higher moisture amount brought from the 
                         Atlantic Tropical Ocean (+10%), which increase the moisture 
                         transport over the western Amazon basin and decreased (-15%) in 
                         the southern boundary. Looking at the regional domain, the 
                         precipitation over the Sao Paulo area decreased by around 7.8% due 
                         to total Amazon deforestation and higher carbon dioxide, which is 
                         shown by the moisture incoming reduction of around 11%, which 
                         means 1.5 kg m-1 s-1 less. Although both models showed a different 
                         anomaly signal for bias moisture incoming in Sao Paulo CPTEC-BAM 
                         (+) and CESM (-). In addition, the decrease of the CAPE index over 
                         the Sao Paulo area may indicate not only a hydrological collapse 
                         situation but also severe energy balance changes. In conclusion, 
                         when the SWL2 approach is used to evaluate land cover changes 
                         through climate modelling some results may be different from 
                         well-known literature because more effects are added. In this way, 
                         a strong connection between the Amazon moisture source and Sao 
                         Paulo was identified, which climate changes may be 
                         catastrophically looking at the most important economic South 
                         America region (31% of gross internal Brazilian product Nexus 
                         water-food-energy).",
  conference-location = "San Francisco, CA",
      conference-year = "11-15 Dec. 2023",
             language = "en",
        urlaccessdate = "29 jun. 2024"
}