@PhDThesis{Reis:2024:CoEmBi,
author = "Reis, Andr{\'e} Luiz dos",
title = "Estudo num{\'e}rico do impacto dos aeross{\'o}is na
microf{\'{\i}}sica de nuvens: contribui{\c{c}}{\~a}o das
emiss{\~o}es biog{\^e}nicas e antropog{\^e}nicas da
Amaz{\^o}nia",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2024",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2023-11-17",
keywords = "aeross{\'o}is, CCN, WRF-Chem, microf{\'{\i}}sica de nuvens,
aerosols, CCN, WRF-Chem, cloud microphysics.",
abstract = "A convec{\c{c}}{\~a}o na regi{\~a}o Amaz{\^o}nica, uma extensa
floresta tropical localizada na regi{\~a}o norte do Brasil,
{\'e} um importante mecanismo no ciclo hidrol{\'o}gico e no
aquecimento da atmosfera tropical e ainda as suas
varia{\c{c}}{\~o}es, em termos de intensidade e
posi{\c{c}}{\~a}o, possuem um papel importante na
determina{\c{c}}{\~a}o do tempo e do clima desta regi{\~a}o.
Al{\'e}m dos processos din{\^a}micos e termodin{\^a}micos da
atmosfera, as caracter{\'{\i}}sticas qu{\'{\i}}micas e
aerodin{\^a}micas dos aeross{\'o}is exercem um papel importante
na microf{\'{\i}}sica de nuvens e no desenvolvimento convectivo.
A regi{\~a}o ao entorno de Manaus caracteriza um ambiente
{\'u}nico em todo o mundo para estudar o efeito das emiss{\~o}es
antropog{\^e}nicas e biog{\^e}nicas na concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o
de aerossol e consequentemente na microf{\'{\i}}sica de nuvens.
Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os aeross{\'o}is
modulados pelas emiss{\~o}es biog{\^e}nicas da floresta tropical
amaz{\^o}nica e antropog{\^e}nicas da regi{\~a}o metropolitana
de Manaus durante o per{\'{\i}}odo chuvoso para as nuvens
quentes. Para isso foi utilizado o modelo WRF com qu{\'{\i}}mica
acoplada, executado com alta resolu{\c{c}}{\~a}o, e dados
coletados durante o experimento GoAmazon2014/15. Os resultados
indicam que o modelo representa eficientemente a meteorologia e a
qu{\'{\i}}mica na regi{\~a}o de Manaus. O modelo totalmente
acoplado permitiu reproduzir a dispers{\~a}o e o envelhecimento
da pluma. {\`A} medida que a pluma envelhece ocorre o r{\'a}pido
crescimento do n{\'u}mero de aeross{\'o}is na moda de
acumula{\c{c}}{\~a}o com pico de 1,9 109 kg-1 a 100 km de
Manaus. O aumento nas concentra{\c{c}}{\~o}es de aeross{\'o}is
na moda de acumula{\c{c}}{\~a}o {\'e} associado {\`a}
forma{\c{c}}{\~a}o de aerossol org{\^a}nico secund{\'a}rio
(SOA) biog{\^e}nico e antropog{\^e}nico, assim como
aeross{\'o}is derivados de sulfato (SO42-) com picos em massa de
4, 100 e 1,4 vezes a concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de background
respectivamente observados por volta das 15 UTC (13 horas
hor{\'a}rio local). Esse aumento na concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de
aerossol correlaciona-se significativamente com a
concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de n{\'u}cleos de
condensa{\c{c}}{\~a}o de nuvens (CCN) a 0,5% de
supersatura{\c{c}}{\~a}o. Encontrou-se que o pico na
concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de CCN {\'e} de aproximadamente 800 cm-3
observado tamb{\'e}m cerca de 100 km de Manaus, e se estabiliza
pr{\'o}ximo de 500 cm-3 a 300 km de Manaus. Sob
condi{\c{c}}{\~o}es de fundo a concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de CCN
{\'e} menor que 200 cm-3. As emiss{\~o}es antropog{\^e}nicas
contribuem com um aumento de cerca de 400 cm-3, na
concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de CCN que por sua vez tamb{\'e}m
depende das emiss{\~o}es biog{\^e}nicas. Estas somadas as
emiss{\~o}es antropog{\^e}nicas contribuem com cerca de 200 cm-3
na concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o e CCN. Apesar da
concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o elevada de aerossol na pluma e a
concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de CCN tamb{\'e}m ser maior, a
raz{\~a}o CCN/aerossol diminui, medindo 0,02, em contraste com
0,28 na regi{\~a}o de background. As diferentes
caracter{\'{\i}}sticas qu{\'{\i}}micas e aerodin{\^a}micas
dos aeross{\'o}is nas regi{\~o}es de background e na regi{\~a}o
da pluma urbana modulam a concentra{\c{c}}{\~a}o de n{\'u}mero
de got{\'{\i}}culas (DNC), conte{\'u}do de {\'a}gua
l{\'{\i}}quida (LWC) e raio efetivo (De). As nuvens na pluma
apresentam maior DNC e LWC, e menor De. Aproximadamente 40% das
nuvens na pluma apresentam LWC acima de 2,5 g/m³, enquanto apenas
10% nas regi{\~o}es de fundo. O De m{\'e}dio {\'e} de 10 e 13
{{\μm}} na pluma e regi{\~o}es de fundo, respectivamente.
Estes efeitos s{\~a}o observados at{\'e} cerca de 4 km de
altura. Para nuvens acima de 4 km o DNC e o De s{\~a}o
aproximadamente equivalentes entre as nuvens nas regi{\~o}es de
background e na pluma por outro lado o LWC e a velocidade vertical
s{\~a}o maiores paras as nuvens moduladas pela pluma, o que
permite relacionar a polui{\c{c}}{\~a}o urbana com o atraso na
precipita{\c{c}}{\~a}o e o revigoramento convectivo.
Simula{\c{c}}{\~o}es de sensibilidade tamb{\'e}m mostraram que
as emiss{\~o}es antropog{\^e}nicas e biog{\^e}nicas influenciam
os processos de nuvens na regi{\~a}o amaz{\^o}nica. Nossos
resultados sugerem que uma representa{\c{c}}{\~a}o mais precisa
dos aeross{\'o}is, frequentemente simplificada nos modelos
num{\'e}ricos, {\'e} necess{\'a}ria para uma modelagem
aprimorada do tempo e do clima. ABSTRACT: Convection in the Amazon
region, an extensive tropical forest located in the northern
region of Brazil, is an important mechanism in the hydrological
cycle and in heating the tropical atmosphere. Furthermore, its
variations, in terms of intensity and position, play a significant
role in determining the weather and climate of this region. In
addition to the dynamic and thermodynamic processes of the
atmosphere, the chemical and aerodynamic characteristics of
aerosols play an important role in cloud microphysics and
convective development. The region surrounding Manaus provides a
unique environment worldwide to study the effect of anthropogenic
and biogenic emissions on aerosol concentration and consequently
on cloud microphysics. This work aims to evaluate aerosols
modulated by biogenic emissions from the Amazon tropical forest
and anthropogenic emissions from the metropolitan region of Manaus
during the rainy season for warm clouds. For this purpose, the WRF
model with coupled chemistry was used, executed at high
resolution, along with data collected during the GoAmazon2014/15
experiment. The results indicate that the model effectively
represents meteorology and chemistry in the Manaus region. The
fully coupled model successfully reproduced plume dispersion and
aging. As the plume ages, there is rapid growth in the number of
aerosols in the accumulation mode with a peak of 1.9 × 109 kg-1 at
100 km from Manaus. The increase in aerosol concentrations in the
accumulation mode is associated with the formation of biogenic and
anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol (SOA), as well as
sulfate-derived aerosols {{(SO4²\⁻)}} with mass peaks at 4,
100, and 1.4 times the background concentration, respectively,
observed around 15 UTC (13 local time). This increase in aerosol
concentration significantly correlates with the concentration of
cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at 0.5% supersaturation. It was
found that the peak in CCN concentration is approximately 800 cm-3
also observed about 100 km from Manaus and stabilizes near 500
cm-3 at 300 km from Manaus. Under background conditions, the CCN
concentration is less than 200 cm-3. Anthropogenic emissions
contribute to an increase of about 400 cm-3 in CCN concentration,
which in turn also depends on biogenic emissions. These, combined
with anthropogenic emissions, contribute about 200 cm-3 to the CCN
concentration. Despite the elevated aerosol concentration in the
plume and the higher CCN concentration, the CCN/aerosol ratio
decreases, measuring 0.02, in contrast to 0.28 in the background
region. The different chemical and aerodynamic characteristics of
aerosols in background regions and in the urban plume region
modulate droplet number concentration (DNC), liquid water content
(LWC), and effective radius (De). Clouds in the plume exhibit
higher DNC and LWC, and lower De. Approximately 40% of clouds in
the plume have LWC above 2.5 g/m³, while only 10% in background
regions. The average De is 10 and 13 {{\μm}} in the plume
and background regions, respectively. These effects are observed
up to about 4 km in altitude. For clouds above 4 km, DNC and De
are approximately equivalent between clouds in background regions
and in the plume. On the other hand, LWC and vertical velocity are
higher for clouds modulated by the plume, allowing to relate urban
pollution to delayed precipitation and convective invigoration.
Sensitivity simulations also showed that both anthropogenic and
biogenic emissions influence cloud processes in the Amazon region.
Our results suggest that a more accurate representation of
aerosols, often simplified in numerical models, is necessary for
enhanced weather and climate modeling.",
committee = "Vendrasco, {\'E}der Paulo (presidente) and Herdies, Dirceu Luis
(orientador) and Alvim, D{\'e}bora Souza and Vela, Angel Liduvino
Vara and Nascimento, Jana{\'{\i}}na Mayara Pinto do and
Cecchini, Micael Amore",
englishtitle = "Numerical study of aerosol impact on cloud microphysics:
contribution of amazon's biogenic and anthropogenic emissions",
language = "pt",
pages = "114",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34T/4ACJ4JL",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34T/4ACJ4JL",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "2024, May 06"
}