@Article{MarengoAmbrKilaLieb:2002:UpWaTr,
               author = "Marengo, Jos{\'e} Ant{\^o}nio and Ambrizzi, Tercio and Kiladis, 
                         G. and Liebmann, B.",
          affiliation = "{CPTEC-INPE- Cachoeira Paulista -12630-000- SP-Brazil}",
                title = "Upper-air wave trains over the Pacific Ocean and wintertime cold 
                         surges in tropical-subtropical South America leading to Freezes in 
                         Southern and Southeastern Brazil.",
              journal = "Theoretical and Applied Climatology",
                 year = "2002",
               volume = "73",
               number = "3-4",
                pages = "223--242",
             keywords = "Baroclinic atmosphere, northern winter, rossby waves, Amazon basin 
                         , convection, anomalies, propagation, seasonality, incursions, 
                         dynamic.",
             abstract = "An examination is made of the relationships between circulation 
                         and convection over South America as related to strong cooling in 
                         southern and southeastern Brazil during austral wintertime. 
                         Correlations between sub monthly (230 days) near-surface air 
                         temperature in southeastern Brazil reveal the preferred path of a 
                         quasi-stationary Rossby wave impinging on to the region from 
                         mid-latitudes and emanating from the tropical western Pacific. The 
                         large amplitude upper-level trough in middle latitudes, which 
                         extends into the tropics, has been pointed out as one of the major 
                         features of the cold situation. These waves embedded in westerly 
                         flow are an example of wintertime tropical-extratropical 
                         interactions leading to cooling in southeastern South America. 
                         This is suggested by the results from the observational and 
                         baroclinic-modeling studies presented here. However, in addition 
                         to the right synoptic situation associated with this intermediate 
                         modulation, local controls are important on determining the degree 
                         of cooling and the occurrence of freezes.",
                 issn = "0177-798X",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Marengo_Upper-air wave.pdf.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "17 maio 2024"
}