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@Article{LiebmannMaGlKoWaMa:1998:CoRaOu,
               author = "Liebmann, Brant and Marengo, Jose Antonio and Glick, John D. and 
                         Kousky, Vernon E. and Wainer, Ilana C. and Massambani, Oswaldo",
          affiliation = "Climate Diagnostics Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, 
                         Colorado and Centre for Weather Prediction and Climate Studies, 
                         National Insitute for Space Studies, Sao Paulo, Brazil and Climate 
                         Prediction Center, NCEP/NWS/NOAA, Washington, D.C. and Department 
                         of Physical Oceanography, University of S{\~a}o Paulo, Sao Paulo, 
                         Brazil and Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of 
                         S{\~a}o Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil",
                title = "A comparison of rainfall, outgoing longwave radiation, and 
                         divergence over the amazon basin",
              journal = "Journal of Climate",
                 year = "1998",
               volume = "11",
               number = "11",
                pages = "2898--2909",
                month = "nov.",
             keywords = "variability, convection.",
             abstract = "Observed rainfall. outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), divergence, 
                         and precipitation from the reanalysis project of the National 
                         Centers for Environmental Prediction and die National Center for 
                         Atmospheric Research art: compared over the Amazon Basin. The 
                         spatial pattern of the mean and the phase of the annual cycle 
                         generally compare well. except that the amplitude of the annual 
                         cycle of model precipitation is much smaller than observed. On 
                         10-30-day timescales. it is shown that averaging stations within a 
                         5 degrees radius is approximately equivalent to total wavenumber 
                         20 (T20) spatial scale. although it is more important to have a 
                         high density of stations than an exact match of spatial scales. 
                         Ideally, there should be one station per 20 000 km(2). On 
                         10-30-day scales, observed rainfall is best correlated with OLR. 
                         Correlations between OLR and 150-mb divergence are larger than 
                         between observed rainfall and divergence or between rainfall and 
                         model precipitation. For example, if 10-30-day filtered OLR and 
                         divergence are truncated at T20 and rainfall is averaged to 
                         include stations within a 5 degrees radius. OLR is correlated with 
                         rainfall at about -0.6, OLR is correlated with divergence at about 
                         -0.35, and rainfall is correlated with divergence at about 0.2. At 
                         least part of the lack of correlation is due to inadequate spatial 
                         sampling of rainfall. Correlations improve with larger spatial 
                         scale. The major seasonal transitions from dry to rainy regimes 
                         are captured well by OLR but not by the model quantities. The mean 
                         diurnal cycle is represented reasonably by 150-mb divergence.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0894-8755",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Liebmann_A comparison of rainfall.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "29 mar. 2024"
}


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