@Article{Marengo:2004:InVaTr,
               author = "Marengo, Jose Antonio",
          affiliation = "{CPTEC/INPE Cachoeira Paulista-12630-000 SP-Brasil}",
                title = "Interdecadal variability and trends of rainfall across the Amazon 
                         basin.",
              journal = "Theoretical and Applied Climatology",
                 year = "2004",
               volume = "78",
               number = "1-3",
                pages = "79--96",
                month = "June",
             keywords = "sea-surface temperature, general-circulation model, tropical South 
                         America, interannual variability,climate-change, monthly 
                         precipitation,regional climate, hydrologic-cycle, river-runoff, 
                         water-vapor, Amazonia, rainfall, El-Nino.",
             abstract = "An analysis of decadal and long-term pattems of rainfall has been 
                         carried out using a combination of .raing-gauge and gridded 
                         rinfall data sets, for the entire Amazon basin and for its 
                         northern and southern sub basins. The study covers 1929-98, but 
                         more detailed anaiyses were performed during 1950-98 regarding 
                         rainfall variability and variations in circulation and sea surrare 
                         temperature fields. Negative rainfall trends were identified for 
                         the entire Amazonia, while at regional levels there is a negative 
                         trend in northern Amazonia and positive trend in southern 
                         Amazonia. Perhaps, the most important aspects of this work is the 
                         identification of decadal time scale variations in rainfall in 
                         Amazonia, with periods of relatively drier and wetter conditions, 
                         which are contrasting for northern and southern Amazonia. Spectral 
                         analyses show decadal time scales variations in southern Amazonia, 
                         while northem Amazonia exhibits both interannual and decadal scale 
                         variations. Shifts on the rainfall regime in both sections ofthe 
                         Amazon basin were identified in middle 1940's and 1970's. After 
                         1975-76, northern Amazonia exhibited less rainfall than before 
                         1975. Changes in the circulation and oceanic fields after 1975 
                         suggest an important role of the warming of the tropical central 
                         and eastern Pacific on the decreasing rainfall in northern 
                         Amazonia, due to more frequent/intense strong El Nifio events 
                         during the relativeiy dry period 1975-98.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0177-798X",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "704_2004_Article_045.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}