@Article{LandulfoMPACFSVJS:2003:SyMeAe,
               author = "Landulfo, E. and Moreira, Demerval Soares and Papayannis, A. and 
                         Artaxo, Paulo and Castanho, A. D. A. and Freitas, A. Z. and Souza, 
                         R. F. and Vieira Junior, N. D. and Jorge, Maria Paulete Martins 
                         and Sanchez-Ccoyllo, O. R.",
          affiliation = "Inst Pesquisas Energet \& Nucl, Sao Paulo, Brazil and Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Centro de Previs{\~a}o de 
                         Tempo e Estudos Clim{\'a}ticos (CPTEC) and Inst Pesquisas Energet 
                         \& Nucl, Sao Paulo, Brazil and Natl Tech Univ Athens, Athens, 
                         Greece and Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-01498 Sao Paulo, Brazil 
                         and Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, BR-12201 Sao Jose Dos Campos, 
                         Brazil and Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Geofis Astron \& Ciencias 
                         Atmosfer, Sao Paulo, Brazil",
                title = "Synergetic measurements of aerosols over Sao Paulo, Brazil using 
                         LIDAR, sunphotometer and satellite data during the dry season",
              journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
                 year = "2003",
               volume = "3",
               number = "05",
                pages = "1523--1539",
                month = "Sep.",
             keywords = "tropospheric aerosols, optical-properties, modeling system, 
                         air-pollution, aeronet, convection, instrument, acuracy, network, 
                         modis.",
             abstract = "A backscattering LIDAR system, the first of this kind in Brazil, 
                         has been set-up in a suburban area in the city of Sao Paulo 
                         (23degrees33'S, 46degrees44' W) to provide the vertical profile of 
                         the aerosol backscatter coefficient at 532 nm up to an altitude of 
                         4-6 km above sea level (asl). The measurements have been carried 
                         out during the second half of the so-called Brazilian dry season, 
                         September and October 2001 and during the first half of the dry 
                         season in August and September 2002. The LIDAR data are presented 
                         and analysed in synergy with aerosol optical thickness (AOT) 
                         measurements obtained by a CIMEL sun-tracking photometer in the 
                         visible spectral region and with satellite measurements obtained 
                         by the MODIS sensor. This synergetic approach has been used, not 
                         only to validate the LIDAR data, but also to derive a typical 
                         value ( 45 sr) of the so-called extinction-to-backscatter ratio 
                         (LIDAR ratio) during the dry season. The satellite data analysis 
                         offers additional information on the spatial distribution of 
                         aerosols over Brazil including the determination of aerosol source 
                         regions over the country. The LIDAR data were also used to 
                         retrieve the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) height, aerosol 
                         layering and the structure of the lower troposphere over the city 
                         of Sao Paulo. These first LIDAR measurements over the city of Sao 
                         Paulo during the dry season showed a significant variability of 
                         the AOT in the lower troposphere (0.5-5 km) at 532 nm. It was also 
                         found that the aerosol load is maximized in the 1-3 km height 
                         region, although up to 3 km thick aerosol layers were also 
                         detected in the 2.5-5.5 km region in certain cases. 
                         Three-dimensional 96-hours air mass back-trajectory analysis was 
                         also performed in selected cases to determine the source regions 
                         of aerosols around Sao Paulo during the dry season.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "1680-7316",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "synergetic.moreira.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "13 maio 2024"
}