@Article{OyamaNobr:2003:NeClEq,
               author = "Oyama, Marcos Daysuke and Nobre, Carlos Afonso",
          affiliation = "INPE/CPTEC - Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil and 
                         nobre@cptec.inpe.br",
                title = "A new climate-vegetation equilibrium state for Tropical South 
                         America",
              journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
                 year = "2003",
               volume = "30",
               number = "23",
                pages = "2199",
                month = "Sep.",
             keywords = "Meteorology, atmospheric dynamics, Land, atmosphere interactions, 
                         climatology, South America Region.",
             abstract = "The existence of multiple climate-vegetation equilibria in 
                         Tropical South America is investigated under present-day climate 
                         conditions with the use of an atmospheric general circulation 
                         model coupled to a potential vegetation model. Two stable 
                         equilibria were found. One corresponds to the current biome 
                         distribution. The second is a new equilibrium state: savannas 
                         replace eastern Amazonian forests and a semi-desert area appears 
                         in the driest portion of Northeast Brazil. If sustainable 
                         development and conservation policies were not able to halt the 
                         increasing environmental degradation in those areas, then land use 
                         changes could, per se, tip the climate-vegetation system towards 
                         this new alternative drier stable equilibrium state, with 
                         savannization of parts of Amazonia and desertification of the 
                         driest area of Northeast Brazil, and with potential adverse 
                         impacts on the rich species diversity in the former region and 
                         water resources in the latter.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0094-8276",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "oyama_new.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "01 maio 2024"
}