@Article{MatsuyamaMareObreNobr:2002:SpTeVa,
               author = "Matsuyama, H. and Marengo, Jos{\'e} Antonio and Obregon Parraga, 
                         Guillermo Oswaldo and Nobre, Carlos Afonso",
          affiliation = "{} and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais,(INPE/CPTEC) and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE/CPTEC)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE/CPTEC)}",
                title = "Spatial and temporal variabilities of rainfall in tropical South 
                         America as derived from Climate Prediction Center merged analysis 
                         of precipitation",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2002",
               volume = "22",
               number = "2",
                pages = "175--195",
                month = "Feb.",
             keywords = "Am{\'e}rica do SulBacia Amaz{\^o}nica, SEA, SURFACE TEMPERATURE, 
                         INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, GAUGE OBSERVATIONS, LEPAGE TEST, RIVER, 
                         DEFORESTATION, TRENDS, OCEAN.",
             abstract = "We investigated the spatial and temporal variabilities of Climate 
                         Prediction Center merged analysis of precipitation (CMAP)in 
                         tropical South America from 1979 to 1998. First, we validated CMAP 
                         using other hydro meteorological data. In comparison with the 
                         high-density precipitation data of the Global Historical 
                         Climatology Network (GHCN)Ver.2, CMAP reproduces the spatial 
                         pattern well, although it underestimates (overestimates)heavy 
                         (light)precipitation. CMAP also reproduces the interannual 
                         variability well, compared with the discharge data of the River 
                         Amazon. Next, we applied the rotated empirical orthogonal function 
                         (REOF)to CMAP after subtracting the annual cycle. Simultaneous and 
                         lag correlations were calculated aniong the scores of REOFs 1 to 
                         4, the southern oscillation index, and the dipole index of the 
                         Atlantic. REOF 1 (15 percent)represents the north-south pattern 
                         that exhibits the maximum precipitation in the summer hemisphere. 
                         REOF 2 (12 percent)indicates the gradual decrease of precipitation 
                         in the northern part of tropical South America, reflecting the 
                         effect of the Atlantic. REOF 3 (11)exhibits an east-west pattern 
                         related to El Nino. In REOF 4 (7), the centre of the factor 
                         loading is located in Colombia, and the score jumps abruptly 
                         around 1985-86.The Lepage test detected the abrupt increase of 
                         CMAP in 1985-86 around Colombia. Since such a jump is not found in 
                         GHCN Ver. 2, the discontinuous changes of CMAP and REOF 4 around 
                         1985-86 are artificial and peculiar to CMAP. In this region, CMAP 
                         should be applied with caution when evaluating recent trends and 
                         the interannual variability. The importance of the abrupt increase 
                         of precipitation around Colombia is also addressed.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
                label = "10044",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "nobre_spatial.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "26 abr. 2024"
}