@Article{TarasovaCalv:2002:GCReSa,
               author = "Tarasova, Tatiana Alekandrovna and Calvalcanti, Iracema Fonseca de 
                         Albuquerque",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Monthly mean solar radiative fluxes and cloud forcing over South 
                         America in the period of 1986-88: GCM results and 
                         satellite-derived data",
              journal = "Journal of Applied Meteorology",
                 year = "2002",
               volume = "41",
               number = "8",
                pages = "863--871",
                month = "Aug.",
             keywords = "estudo do clima e do tempo, biosphere model, surface, absorption, 
                         irradiance, climate, aerosol, atmosphere, parameterization, 
                         scale.",
             abstract = "The incident solar radiative fluxes, simulated by an atmospheric 
                         general circulation model over South America for the period 
                         1986-88, are compared with the satellite-derived surface fluxes 
                         provided by the Surface Radiation Budget (SRB)datasets. The 
                         comparison shows that the model systematically overestimates both 
                         all-sky and clear-sky SRB fluxes while representing well their 
                         latitudinal variations. In order to analyze the reasons for the 
                         bias, the shortwave radiation code employed in the model is tested 
                         with more comprehensive techniques in a stand-alone mode. The 
                         results of testing demonstrate that the code underestimates solar 
                         radiation due to trace gases and aerosols. The underestimation of 
                         the absorption due to aerosols contributes noticeably to the 
                         surface flux bias. The impact of clouds on the surface fluxes is 
                         estimated by calculating cloud radiative forcing, defined as the 
                         difference between the net surface fluxes in all-sky and clear-sky 
                         conditions. The comparison of model-simulated and 
                         satellite-derived values of cloud radiative forcing over South 
                         America demonstrates that the model simulates fairly well its 
                         latitudinal variations and annual cycles as compared with SRB 
                         data. However, the model overestimates the SRB surface cloud 
                         radiative forcing over the tropical region of South America and 
                         underestimates it over the extratropical region in both January 
                         and July. The comparisons of the incident surface fluxes simulated 
                         by the model at the grid points with those measured at three 
                         Amazonian observational sites show good agreement at one site and 
                         large discrepancies at the other two sites.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0894-8763",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Tarasova_Monthy mean solar.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}