@Article{HaylockPAAABBBBCCGGKMMMNQRRSTV:2006:TrToEx,
               author = "Haylock, M. R. and Peterson, T. C. and Alves, Lincoln Muniz and 
                         Ambrizzi, Tercio and Anuncia{\c{c}}{\~a}o, Y. M. T. and Baez, J. 
                         and Barros, V. R. and Berlato, M. A. and Bidegain, M. and Coronel, 
                         G. and Corradi, V. and Garcia, V. J. and Grimm, A. M. and Karoly, 
                         D. and Marengo, Jose Antonio and Marino, M. B. and Muncunil, D. F 
                         and Nechet, D. and Quintana, J. and Rebello, E. and Rusticucci, M. 
                         and Santos, J. L. and Trebejo, I. and Vincent, L.",
          affiliation = "University of East Anglia, Climatic Research Unit and {National 
                         Climatic Data Center} and Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais, Centro de Previs{\~a}o de Tempo e Estudos 
                         Clim{\'a}ticos (INPE.CPTEC) and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo 
                         (USP)} and {Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET)} and 
                         {Dirreccion de Meteorologio e Hidrologio} and Departamento de 
                         Ciencias de la Atmosfera y los Oceanos, Universidad de Buenos 
                         Aires and {Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)} and 
                         Faculty of Science, Universidad de la Republica and {Universidad 
                         Nacional de Asuncion} and {Direccion Nacional de Meterologia} and 
                         {Universidad Nacional Agraria la Molina} and {Universidade Federal 
                         do Paran{\'a} (UFPR)} and {University of Oklahoma} and Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Centro de Previs{\~a}o do Tempo 
                         e Estudos Clim{\'a}ticos (INPE.CPTEC) and Banco Nacional de 
                         Datos, Servicio Meteorologico Nacional and {Funda{\c{c}}{\~a}o 
                         Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos H{\'{\i}}dricos (FUNCEME)} 
                         and {Universidade Federal do Par{\'a} (UFPA)} and {Direcci{\'o}n 
                         Meteorol{\'o}gica de Chile} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Meteorologia (INMET)} and {Departamento de Ciencias de la 
                         Atmosfera y los Oceanos} and Faculty of Marine Sciences, Escuela 
                         Superior Politecnica del Litoral and {Servicio Nacional de 
                         Meteorologia e Hidrologia} and {Meteorological Service of 
                         Canada}",
                title = "Trends in total and extreme South American rainfall 1960-2000 and 
                         links with sea surface temperature",
              journal = "Journal of Climate",
                 year = "2006",
               volume = "19",
               number = "8",
                pages = "1490--1512",
                month = "April",
             keywords = "METEOROLOGY, South America, Rainfall, Sea surface termperature, 
                         METEOROLOGIA, Am{\'e}rica do Sul, Pluviosidade, Termperatura de 
                         superf{\'{\i}}cie do mar.",
             abstract = "A weeklong workshop in Brazil in August 2004 provided the 
                         opportunity for twenty-eight scientists from southern South 
                         America to examine daily rainfall observations to determine 
                         changes in both total and extreme rainfall. Twelve annual indices 
                         of daily rainfall were calculated over the period 1960 to 2000, 
                         examining changes to both the entire distribution as well as the 
                         extremes. Maps of trends in the twelve rainfall indices showed 
                         large regions of coherent change, with many stations showing 
                         statistically significant changes in some of the indices. The 
                         pattern of trends for the extremes was generally the same as that 
                         for total annual rainfall, with a change to wetter conditions in 
                         Ecuador and northern Peru and the region of southern Brazil, 
                         Paraguay, Uruguay and northern and central Argentina. A decrease 
                         was observed in southern Peru and southern Chile, with the latter 
                         showing significant decreases in many indices. A canonical 
                         correlation analysis between each of the indices and sea surface 
                         temperatures (SST) revealed two large-scale patterns that have 
                         contributed to the observed trends in the rainfall indices. A 
                         coupled pattern with ENSO-like SST loadings and rainfall loadings 
                         closely resembling the pattern of the observed trend reveals that 
                         the change to a generally more negative SOI has had an important 
                         effect on regional rainfall trends. A significant decrease in many 
                         of the rainfall indices at several stations in southern Chile and 
                         Argentina can be explained by a canonical pattern reflecting a 
                         weakening of the continental trough leading to a southward shift 
                         in storm tracks. This latter signal is a change that has been seen 
                         at similar latitudes in other parts of the Southern Hemisphere. A 
                         similar analysis was carried out for eastern Brazil using gridded 
                         indices calculated from 354 stations from the Global Historical 
                         Climatology Network (GHCN) database. The observed trend toward 
                         wetter conditions in the southwest and drier conditions in the 
                         northeast could again be explained by changes in ENSO.",
           copyholder = "SID/SCD",
                 issn = "0894-8755",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "zs4.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}