@Article{ZepkaPintSara:2014:LiFoSo,
               author = "Zepka, Gisele dos Santos and Pinto Junior, Osmar and Saraiva, 
                         Antonio Carlos Varela",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Lightning forecasting in southeastern Brazil using the WRF model",
              journal = "Atmospheric Research",
                 year = "2014",
               volume = "135-136",
                pages = "344–362",
                month = "Jan.",
             keywords = "lightning, WRF model, forecasting, parameterization, convection, 
                         microphysics.",
             abstract = "This paper introduces a lightning forecasting method called 
                         Potential Lightning Region (PLR), which is the probability of the 
                         occurrence of lightning over a region of interest. The PLR was 
                         calculated using a combination of meteorological variables 
                         obtained from high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting 
                         (WRF) model simulations during the summer season in southeastern 
                         Brazil. The model parameters used in the PLR definition were: 
                         surface-based Convective Available Potential Energy (SBCAPE), 
                         Lifted Index (LI), K-Index (KI), average vertical velocity between 
                         850 and 700 hPa (w), and integrated ice-mixing ratio from 700 to 
                         500 hPa (QICE). Short-range runs of twelve non-severe thunderstorm 
                         cases were performed with the WRF model, using different 
                         convective and microphysical schemes. Through statistical 
                         evaluations, the WRF cloud parameterizations that best described 
                         the convective thunderstorms with lightning in southeastern Brazil 
                         were the combination of Grell-Devenyi and Thompson schemes. Two 
                         calculation methods were proposed: the Linear PLR and Normalized 
                         PLR. The difference between them is basically how they deal with 
                         the influence of lightning flashes over the WRF domain's grid 
                         points for the twelve thunderstorms analyzed. Three case studies 
                         were used to test both methods. A statistical evaluation lowering 
                         the spatial resolution of the WRF grid into larger areas was 
                         performed to study the behavior and accuracy of the PLR methods. 
                         The Normalized PLR presented the most suitable one, predicting 
                         flash occurrence appropriately. © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights 
                         reserved.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.008",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.008",
                 issn = "0169-8095",
                label = "scopus",
             language = "{{mtc-m16d.sid.inpe.br 806} 
                         sid.inpe.br/mtc-m19@80/2009/08.21.17.02 USP}",
           targetfile = "1-s2.0-S0169809513000458-main.pdf",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.01.008",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}