@ElectronicSource{MattosMach:2010:ClLiMe,
             abstract = "ABSTRACT: This work analyzes some of the physical and 
                         microphysical properties of Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) and 
                         cloud-to-ground lightning. Satellite data from the GOES-10 
                         infrared and NOAA-18 and TRMM microwave channels and lightning 
                         information from the Brazilian Lightning Detection Network 
                         (BrasilDAT) were utilized for the period from 2007 to 2009. Based 
                         on an automatic MCS detection method, 720 MCS life cycles were 
                         identified during the period and region of study, with a lightning 
                         detection efficiency of over 90%. During the diurnal cycle, the 
                         electrical activity maximum occurred close to the time of maximum 
                         convective cloud fraction and 3 hours after the maximum normalized 
                         area expansion rate. The diurnal cycles of both properties are 
                         modulated by diurnal heating and thus could be used to monitor the 
                         diurnal variability of lightning occurrence. The area growth 
                         during the initial phase of the MCS exerted a strong influence on 
                         their size-duration, and potential for electrical activity during 
                         their life cycle. The average lightning life cycle exhibited a 
                         maximum close to MCS maturation, while the maximum of the average 
                         lightning density occurred close to the initial MCS life cycle 
                         stages. The growth rate of electrical activity during the early 
                         stages can indicate the strength of convection and the possible 
                         duration of systems with lightning occurrence. The strong 
                         condensation processes and mass flux during the growth phase of 
                         the systems can provide favorable conditions for cloud 
                         electrification and lightning occurrence. A comparison of high 
                         microwave frequencies with lightning data showed a strong 
                         relationship of the vertically integrated ice content and particle 
                         size with lightning occurrence. The polarization difference in the 
                         85 GHZ channel showed that electrical activity increases linearly 
                         with polarization reduction, associated with a high value of 
                         Pearson's correlation coefficient. This suggests that regions with 
                         more intense electrical activity are predominantly located in 
                         areas with a high concentration of larger ice particles that are 
                         preferentially oriented vertically, due to the existence of 
                         intense updrafts and the electric field. These results demonstrate 
                         the potential use of thermodynamic, dynamic and microphysical 
                         characteristics for analyzing storm severity and as additional 
                         information for monitoring of electrical activity over large 
                         regions that lack ground-based lightning sensors and for 
                         nowcasting.",
              address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
               author = "Mattos, Enrique Vieira and Machado, Luiz Augusto Toledo",
             keywords = "lightning, mesoscale convective system, cloud microphysics, 
                         nowcasting.",
             language = "en",
            publisher = "Instituto and Nacional and de and Pesquisas and Espaciais",
                  ibi = "8JMKD3MGP7W/37T3JTB",
                  url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP7W/37T3JTB",
           targetfile = "v1.pdf",
                title = "Cloud-to-Ground Lightning and Mesoscale Convective Systems",
         typeofmedium = "On-line",
                 year = "2010",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}