@Article{KayanoAndrSouz:2011:ReThTr,
               author = "Kayano, Mary Toshie and Andreoli, Rita Valeria and Souza, Rodrigo 
                         Augusto Ferreira de",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and Univ Estado 
                         Amazonas, Escola Super Tecnol, BR-69065020 Manaus, Amazonas, 
                         Brazil and Univ Estado Amazonas, Escola Super Tecnol, BR-69065020 
                         Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil",
                title = "Evolving anomalous SST patterns leading to ENSO extremes: 
                         relations between the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and the 
                         influence on the South American rainfall",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2011",
               volume = "31",
               number = "8",
                pages = "1119--1134",
                month = "June",
             keywords = "el nino-southern oscillation, tropical oceans, climate 
                         variability, climatology, SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE, EL-NINO, 
                         INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, OSCILLATION, TELECONNECTIONS, CLIMATE, 
                         BRAZIL.",
             abstract = "Several studies have provided observational and numerical evidence 
                         that the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans are influenced by the 
                         tropical Atlantic within a one season time scale. The influence of 
                         the Atlantic equatorial mode (AEM) in the Pacific El Nino-Southern 
                         Oscillation (ENSO) mode is observationally re-examined. The 
                         analyses focus on the ENSO-related evolving sea surface 
                         temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies in the 
                         Tropics that follow the occurrences of AEM events and those that 
                         are independent of the AEM. The cold (warm) AEM followed by El 
                         Nino (La Nina) shows a sequence of maps that might be explained by 
                         the mechanism previously outlined on the relationship of the 
                         tropical Atlantic and the other tropical Oceans. This mechanism 
                         involves an anomalous Atlantic Walker circulation and a 
                         GillMatsuno-type atmospheric response to anomalous cooling or 
                         warming in the tropical Atlantic. The seasonal timing of the 
                         relationship studied differs from that of the previous studies. 
                         Here, it is noted that the Atlantic SST anomalous conditions are 
                         persistent and might be noted 56 months before that proposed in 
                         previous results. Furthermore, the ENSO extreme conditions are 
                         reinforced and maintained by the eastwest SST anomalous gradient 
                         in the tropical Pacific. Also, the precipitation composites over 
                         South America for the ENSO extremes, which are AEM-dependent and 
                         AEM-independent cases, are discussed. The AEM-dependent ENSO 
                         extremes combine the effects from the tropical Pacific, and 
                         equatorial and tropical South Atlantic on the rainfall over South 
                         America. The results presented here, to the authors knowledge, 
                         have not been discussed before and might represent a potential for 
                         long lead predictability of the climate variations in the tropical 
                         Pacific. Copyright Æ{\'E} 2010 Royal Meteorological Society.",
                  doi = "10.1002/joc.2135",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.2135",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Cayano_Evolving.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "03 maio 2024"
}