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		<doi>10.1073/pnas.1404870111</doi>
		<issn>0027-8424</issn>
		<label>isi 2015-01 HilkerLTHMWBMS:2014:VeDyRa</label>
		<citationkey>HilkerLTHMWBMS:2014:VeDyRa</citationkey>
		<title>Vegetation dynamics and rainfall sensitivity of the Amazon</title>
		<year>2014</year>
		<month>Nov.</month>
		<secondarytype>PRE PI</secondarytype>
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		<author>Hilker, Thomas,</author>
		<author>Lyapustin, Alexei I.,</author>
		<author>Tucker, Compton J.,</author>
		<author>Hall, Forrest G.,</author>
		<author>Myneni, Ranga B.,</author>
		<author>Wang, Yujie,</author>
		<author>Bi, Jian,</author>
		<author>Moura, Yhasmin Mendes de,</author>
		<author>Sellers, Piers J.,</author>
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		<affiliation>Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA.</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.; Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA.</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Boston Univ, Dept Earth & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA.</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.; Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA.</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Boston Univ, Dept Earth & Environm, Boston, MA 02215 USA.</affiliation>
		<affiliation>Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)</affiliation>
		<affiliation>NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA.</affiliation>
		<e-mailaddress>marcelo.pazos@inpe.br</e-mailaddress>
		<journal>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Sates of America</journal>
		<volume>111</volume>
		<number>45</number>
		<pages>16041-16046</pages>
		<secondarymark>A1_MEDICINA_II A1_CIÊNCIAS_AGRÁRIAS_I A1_MEDICINA_VETERINÁRIA A1_CIÊNCIAS_BIOLÓGICAS_III A1_CIÊNCIAS_BIOLÓGICAS_I A1_ODONTOLOGIA A1_ENGENHARIAS_II A1_INTERDISCIPLINAR A1_SAÚDE_COLETIVA A1_CIÊNCIA_DA_COMPUTAÇÃO A1_CIÊNCIAS_BIOLÓGICAS_II A1_PSICOLOGIA A1_MATEMÁTICA_/_PROBABILIDADE_E A1_CIÊNCIAS_AMBIENTAIS A1_FARMÁCIA A1_ASTRONOMIA_/_FÍSICA A1_BIODIVERSIDADE A1_GEOCIÊNCIAS A1_MEDICINA_I A1_BIOTECNOLOGIA A1_QUÍMICA A1_MEDICINA_III A1_GEOGRAFIA A2_ANTROPOLOGIA_/_ARQUEOLOGIA A2_ENGENHARIAS_IV C_ZOOTECNIA_/_RECURSOS_PESQUEIROS</secondarymark>
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		<keywords>Amazon, climate change, precipitation, NDVI, MODIS, MAIAC.</keywords>
		<abstract>We show that the vegetation canopy of the Amazon rainforest is highly sensitive to changes in precipitation patterns and that reduction in rainfall since 2000 has diminished vegetation greenness across large parts of Amazonia. Large-scale directional declines in vegetation greenness may indicate decreases in carbon uptake and substantial changes in the energy balance of the Amazon. We use improved estimates of surface reflectance from satellite data to show a close link between reductions in annual precipitation, El Nino southern oscillation events, and photosynthetic activity across tropical and subtropical Amazonia. We report that, since the year 2000, precipitation has declined across 69\% of the tropical evergreen forest (5.4 million km(2)) and across 80\% of the subtropical grasslands (3.3 million km(2)). These reductions, which coincided with a decline in terrestrial water storage, account for about 55\% of a satellite-observed widespread decline in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). During El Nino events, NDVI was reduced about 16.6\% across an area of up to 1.6 million km(2) compared with average conditions. Several global circulation models suggest that a rise in equatorial sea surface temperature and related displacement of the intertropical convergence zone could lead to considerable drying of tropical forests in the 21st century. Our results provide evidence that persistent drying could degrade Amazonian forest canopies, which would have cascading effects on global carbon and climate dynamics.</abstract>
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		<language>en</language>
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