@Article{MachadoCBGDCAAAABBBEFFFJMPPPRRSSTWW:2018:PrChSe,
author = "Machado, Luiz Augusto Toledo and Calheiros, Alan James Peixoto and
Biscaro, Thiago Souza and Giangrande, Scott and Dias, Maria A. F.
Silva and Cecchini, Micael A. and Albrecht, Rachel and Andreae,
Meinrat O. and Araujo, Wagner F. and Artaxo, Paulo and Borrmann,
Stephan and Braga, Ramon and Burleyson, Casey and Eichholz,
Cristiano Wickboldt and Fan, Jiwen and Feng, Zhe and Fisch,
Gilberto F. and Jensen, Michael P. and Martin, Scot T. and
P{\"o}schl, Ulrich and P{\"o}hlker, Christopher and
P{\"o}hlker, Mira L. and Ribaud, Jean-Fran{\c{c}}ois and
Rosenfeld, Daniel and Saraiva, Jaci M. B. and Schumacher, Courtney
and Thalman, Ryan and Walter, David and Wendisch, Manfred",
affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de
Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Brookhaven National Laboratory}
and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Universidade de
S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo (USP)}
and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Instituto Nacional
de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Universidade de S{\~a}o Paulo
(USP)} and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Instituto
Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas
Espaciais (INPE)} and {Pacific Northwest National Laboratory} and
{Pacific Northwest National Laboratory} and {Department of
Aerospace Science and Technology} and {Brookhaven National
Laboratory} and {Harvard University} and {Max Planck Institute for
Chemistry} and {Max Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Max
Planck Institute for Chemistry} and {Instituto Nacional de
Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Hebrew University of Jerusalem}
and {Amazon Protection System (SIPAM)} and {Texas A \& M
University} and {Snow College} and {Max Planck Institute for
Chemistry} and {Leipzig University}",
title = "Overview: Precipitation characteristics and sensitivities to
environmental conditions during GoAmazon2014/5 and
ACRIDICON-CHUVA",
journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
year = "2018",
volume = "18",
number = "9",
pages = "6461--6482",
month = "May",
abstract = "This study provides an overview of precipitation processes and
their sensitivities to environmental conditions in the Central
Amazon Basin near Manaus during the GoAmazon2014/5 and
ACRIDICON-CHUVA experiments. This study takes advantage of the
numerous measurement platforms and instrument systems operating
during both campaigns to sample cloud structure and environmental
conditions during 2014 and 2015; the rainfall variability among
seasons, aerosol loading, land surface type, and topography has
been carefully characterized using these data. Differences between
the wet and dry seasons were examined from a variety of
perspectives. The rainfall rates distribution, total amount of
rainfall, and raindrop size distribution (the mass-weighted mean
diameter) were quantified over both seasons. The dry season
generally exhibited higher rainfall rates than the wet season and
included more intense rainfall periods. However, the cumulative
rainfall during the wet season was 4 times greater than that
during the total dry season rainfall, as shown in the total
rainfall accumulation data. The typical size and life cycle of
Amazon cloud clusters (observed by satellite) and rain cells
(observed by radar) were examined, as were differences in these
systems between the seasons. Moreover, monthly mean thermodynamic
and dynamic variables were analysed using radiosondes to elucidate
the differences in rainfall characteristics during the wet and dry
seasons. The sensitivity of rainfall to atmospheric aerosol
loading was discussed with regard to mass-weighted mean diameter
and rain rate. This topic was evaluated only dur- ing the wet
season due to the insignificant statistics of rainfall events for
different aerosol loading ranges and the low frequency of
precipitation events during the dry season. The impacts of
aerosols on cloud droplet diameter varied based on droplet size.
For the wet season, we observed no dependence between land surface
type and rain rate. However, during the dry season, urban areas
exhibited the largest rainfall rate tail distribution, and
deforested regions exhibited the lowest mean rainfall rate.
Airplane measurements were taken to characterize and contrast
cloud microphysical properties and processes over forested and
deforested regions. Vertical motion was not correlated with cloud
droplet sizes, but cloud droplet concentration correlated linearly
with vertical motion. Clouds over forested areas contained larger
droplets than clouds over pastures at all altitudes. Finally, the
connections between topography and rain rate were evaluated, with
higher rainfall rates identified at higher elevations during the
dry season.",
doi = "10.5194/acp-18-6461-2018",
url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-6461-2018",
issn = "1680-7316 and 1680-7324",
language = "en",
targetfile = "machado_overview.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "25 abr. 2024"
}