@MastersThesis{António:2020:EnZoCo,
author = "Ant{\'o}nio, Jaime Fernando",
title = "Energ{\'e}tica da zona de converg{\^e}ncia do Atl{\^a}ntico Sul
(ZCAS)",
school = "Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)",
year = "2020",
address = "S{\~a}o Jos{\'e} dos Campos",
month = "2020-02-14",
keywords = "ZCAS, energia potencial dispon{\'{\i}}vel da
perturba{\c{c}}{\~a}o, instabilidade barocl{\'{\i}}nica e
barotr{\'o}pica, energia cin{\'e}tica da
perturba{\c{c}}{\~a}o, SACZ, eddies's available potential
energy, baroclinic and barotropic instability, eddies's kinetic
energy.",
abstract = "A energia do Sol que chega ao sistema Terra-atmosfera gera energia
potencial que {\'e} convertida em outras formas de energias que
est{\~a}o associadas {\`a}s intensidades das tempestades (EC) e
finalmente dissipada pelo atrito e pelos v{\'o}rtices
turbulentos. Durante este processo de gera{\c{c}}{\~a}o e
convers{\~a}o de energia, sistemas como ZCAS podem se formar. As
ZCAS s{\~a}o fen{\^o}menos atmosf{\'e}ricos de escala
sin{\'o}tica com grande impacto social sobre a AS. Elas s{\~a}o
caracterizadas por uma banda de nuvens e chuvas orientada NW-SE
que se estende desde o centro sul/SE da amaz{\^o}nia ao
Atl{\^a}ntico subtropical sul com dura{\c{c}}{\~a}o de 4 ou
mais dias. O presente trabalho investiga a natureza
energ{\'e}tica das ZCAS, as caracter{\'{\i}}sticas dos
padr{\~o}es de localiza{\c{c}}{\~a}o (Norte-PN, Centro-PC e
Sul-PS), os mecanismos da forma{\c{c}}{\~a}o, desenvolvimento e
dissipa{\c{c}}{\~a}o. Para isso, utiliza-se a abordagem de Oort
(1964) do ciclo da energia de Lorenz sob um dom{\'{\i}}nio
misto. Por se tratar de um dom{\'{\i}}nio de {\'a}rea restrita,
componentes de fluxos e dos mecanismos din{\^a}micos associados
ao ciclo de energia s{\~a}o considerados. Foram utilizados dados
de temperatura, vento e geopotencial da rean{\'a}lise ERA-5 no
per{\'{\i}}odo de 01/10/1990 a 30/04/2018, que foi dividido em
dois a fim de investigar poss{\'{\i}}veis mudan{\c{c}}as na
frequ{\^e}ncia de ocorr{\^e}ncia, dura{\c{c}}{\~a}o e
intensidade das ZCAS. As an{\'a}lises dos resultados revelam
importantes caracter{\'{\i}}sticas do Ciclo da Energia de Loren
(CEL) das ZCAS. Estes sugerem que, nas ZCAS a energia {\'e}
gerada no estado b{\'a}sico de PM a uma taxa m{\'e}dia de 34,89
Wm\−2 e que o resfriamento atrav{\'e}s das nuvens
desfavorece a gera{\c{c}}{\~a}o de PE [G(PE)=-5,69
Wm\−2]. As taxas de convers{\~o}es seguem o sentido de
trocas de energia representados nos diagramas, exceto pela
instabilidade barotr{\'o}pica observado durante os eventos de PN
[C(KE,KM) < 0]. Uma an{\'a}lise detalhada baseada em
sub{\'a}reas de atua{\c{c}}{\~a}o das ZCAS, revelou que a
instabilidade barotr{\'o}pica domina nos tr{\'o}picos e no setor
mais ao sul de sua atua{\c{c}}{\~a}o. Os componentes de energias
m{\'e}dias zonais evidenciam a influ{\^e}ncia do baixo gradiente
horizontal de temperatura nas ZCAS (com PM de 1,73 ·
105Jm\−2) e a grande predomin{\^a}ncia de KM (10,14 ·
105Jm\−2) atrav{\'e}s dos jatos subtropicais. As
compara{\c{c}}{\~o}es dos resultados calculados para componentes
de energias, mostraram que na m{\'e}dia o 2 per{\'{\i}}odo foi
17,24% superior em rela{\c{c}}{\~a}o ao 1 e que, as energias
calculadas para PN {\'e} 20,45% e 21% superior do que em PC e PS
respectivamente. As se{\c{c}}{\~o}es verticais, revelaram que
nos componentes de convers{\~o}es de energias as
diferen{\c{c}}as s{\~a}o maiores em altos n{\'{\i}}veis nas
c{\'e}lulas de circula{\c{c}}{\~a}o de Hadley e Ferrel. Por
exemplo, os processos barotr{\'o}picos nestas c{\'e}lulas,
s{\~a}o mais intensas durante PC e PS. Os resultados sugerem
ainda a possibilidade de exist{\^e}ncia de uma pequena
c{\'e}lula de circula{\c{c}}{\~a}o dentro da c{\'e}lula de
Ferrel, que seria consistente para explicar o baixo consumo de
energia observado na c{\'e}lula de Ferrel durante PN [C(PM,KM) <
0]. Finalmente, conclu{\'{\i}}mos que as ZCAS s{\~a}o geradas e
mantidas pela convec{\c{c}}{\~a}o tropical originadas
atrav{\'e}s da maior disponibilidade de radia{\c{c}}{\~a}o
solar e pela convec{\c{c}}{\~a}o ao sul proporcionadas pelos
jatos subtropicais e v{\'o}rtice transientes de latitudes
m{\'e}dias. ABSTRACT: The energy of the Sun arriving at the
Earth-atmosphere system generates potential energy that is
converted into other forms of energy that are associated with the
intensities of the storms (KE) and finally dissipated by the
friction and turbulent vortexes. During this process of energy
generation and conversion, systems such as SACZ can form. The SACZ
are synoptic scale atmospheric phenomena that has great social
impact in AS. They are characterized by a band of clouds and
rainfall oriented NW-SE that extends from the south/SE of the
Amazon to the South subtropical Atlantic and persists for 4 or
more days. Therefore, the present work investigates the energetic
nature of the SACZ, the characteristics of the localization
patterns (North, Center and South), the mechanisms of formation,
development and dissipation. For this, we used the Lorenz energy
cycle formulation following the Oort (1964) approach under a mixed
domain. As it is a restricted area domain, components of flows and
dynamic mechanisms associated with the energy cycle are
considered. ERA-5 new generation reanalysis temperature, wind and
geopotential data were used. The study period is from 01/10/1990
to 04/30/2018 (taking into account the dates of occurrence of the
SACZ episodes occurrence), which was divided into two periods
(from 01/10/1990 to 31/12/2005 and 01/01/2006 to 04/30/2018) to
investigate possible changes in frequency of occurrence, duration
and intensity of the SACZ. The results analysis reveal important
Lorenz Energy Cycle (LEC) SACZ characteristics. These suggests
that SACZ energy is generated in PM basic state at a mean rate of
34,89 Wm\−2 and the cooling throughout the clouds works
against the PE [G(PE)=-5,69Wm\−2] generation. The
conversion rate follow the energies exchanges presented in the
diagrams, except the barotropic instability observed during PN
events [C(KE,KM)<0]. A detailed analysis based in subareas of SACZ
actuation, revealed that barotropic instability is dominant at
tropics and at the southernmost sector of its actuation. The zonal
average energy components shows the influence of the low
horizontal temperature gradient over SACZ (with PM equivalent to
1,73·105Jm\−2) and the great predominance of KM
(10,14·105Jm\−2) due to subtropical jets. Energy components
results comparisons, shows that on average the 2nd period was
17,24% superior in relation to the 1st and that calculated
energies to PN is 20,45% and 21% superior than to PN and PS,
respectively. The vertical cross sections, revealed that the
energy conversions components differences are bigger at high
levels at Hadleys and Ferrels circulation cells. For example, the
barotropic processes at Hadleys and Ferrels circulation cells over
SA is more intense during PC and PS. The results also suggests the
possibility of the existence of a small cell inside Ferrels cell,
which would be consistent to explain the low energy consumption
observed at Ferrels cell during PN [C(PM,KM)<0]. Therefore, SACZ
are generated and maintained by tropical convection caused by
higher solar radiation availability and by southward convection
due to subtropical jets and mid-latitudes transient eddies.",
committee = "Herdies, Dirceu Luis (presidente) and Arav{\'e}quia, Jos{\'e}
Antonio (orientador) and Bonatti, Jos{\'e} Paulo and Quadro,
Mario Francisco Leal de",
englishtitle = "Energy of the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ)",
language = "pt",
pages = "148",
ibi = "8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3UU4TL8",
url = "http://urlib.net/ibi/8JMKD3MGP3W34R/3UU4TL8",
targetfile = "publicacao.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "18 abr. 2024"
}