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@Article{FagundesPHVDTAPPBRVRDAS:2020:IoDiLa,
               author = "Fagundes, P. R. and Pezzopane, Michael and Habarulema, J. B. and 
                         Venkatesh, K. and Dias, M. A. L. and Tardelli, A. and Abreu, A. J. 
                         de and Pillat, V. G. and Pignalberi, A. and Bolzan, M. J. A. and 
                         Ribeiro, B. A. G. and Vieira, F. and Raulin, J. P. and Denardini, 
                         Clezio Marcos and Arcanjo, M. O. and Seemala, G. K.",
          affiliation = "{Universidade do Vale do Para{\'{\i}}ba (UNIVAP)} and {Istituto 
                         Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)} and {South African 
                         National Space Agency (SANSA)} and {National Atmospheric Research 
                         Laboratory (NARL)} and {Universidade do Vale do Para{\'{\i}}ba 
                         (UNIVAP)} and {Universidade do Vale do Para{\'{\i}}ba (UNIVAP)} 
                         and {Instituto Tecnol{\'o}gico da Aeron{\'a}utica (ITA)} and 
                         {Universidade do Vale do Para{\'{\i}}ba (UNIVAP)} and {Istituto 
                         Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)} and {Universidade 
                         Federal de Jata{\'{\i}}} and {Universidade do Vale do 
                         Para{\'{\i}}ba (UNIVAP)} and {Universidade do Vale do 
                         Para{\'{\i}}ba (UNIVAP)} and {Universidade Presbiteriana 
                         Mackenzie} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} 
                         and {Universidade do Vale do Para{\'{\i}}ba (UNIVAP)} and 
                         {Indian Institute of Geomagnetism}",
                title = "Ionospheric disturbances in a large area of the terrestrial globe 
                         by two strong solar flares of September 6, 2017, the strongest 
                         space weather events in the last decade",
              journal = "Advances in Space Research",
                 year = "2020",
               volume = "66",
               number = "7",
                pages = "1775--1791",
                month = "Oct.",
             keywords = "Ionosphere, F-region, Solar flare, EIA.",
             abstract = "On September 6, 2017, the solar active region AR 2673 emitted two 
                         solar flares: the first at 08:57 UT (X2.2) and the second at 11:53 
                         UT (X9.3); both were powerful enough to black-out high and low 
                         frequency radio waves (where UT is universal time). The X9.3 was 
                         the strongest solar flare event in the past decade. In this study, 
                         we took the advantage of these two extreme flare events to 
                         investigate corresponding effects on the ionosphere using 
                         multi-instrument observations from magnetometers, Global 
                         Positioning System Total Electron content (GPS-TEC) receivers, 
                         ionosondes and Swarm satellites over a large geographical extent 
                         covering South American, African and European sectors. During the 
                         X2.2 flare, European and African sectors were sunlit and during 
                         X9.3 European, African, and South American sectors were sunlit and 
                         exposed to the solar flare radiation. During the X2.2 flare, there 
                         was an ionosonde blackout for a duration of about 45 min, while 
                         during the X9.3 flare this blackout lasted for 1 h and 30 min. The 
                         blackout are seen over a large global extent which demonstrates 
                         the severity of solar flare events in disrupting the radio 
                         communication. The horizontal component of Earths geomagnetic 
                         field has shown ripples and enhancements during these flare 
                         events. The ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) 
                         showed a positive phase along with an intensification of the 
                         Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) over the South American and 
                         African sectors. The dynamical and physical processes associated 
                         with the TEC and EIA variabilities due to solar flare are 
                         discussed.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.asr.2020.06.032",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2020.06.032",
                 issn = "0273-1177 and 1879-1948",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "fagundes_ionospheric.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "28 mar. 2024"
}


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