@Article{RoratoCaEsPiMoVe:2020:BrAmIn,
               author = "Rorato, Ana Cl{\'a}udia and Camara, Gilberto and Escada, Maria 
                         Isabel Sobral and Picoli, Michelle Cristina Ara{\'u}jo and 
                         Moreira, Tiago and Verstegen, Judith A.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Socio Ambiental (ISA)} and 
                         {University of Muenster}",
                title = "Brazilian amazon indigenous peoples threatened by mining bill",
              journal = "Environmental Research Letters",
                 year = "2020",
               volume = "15",
               number = "10",
                pages = "e1040A3",
                month = "Oct.",
             keywords = "indigenous peoples, indigenous lands, mining, policy, amazon.",
             abstract = "The Brazilian Amazon has the highest concentration of indigenous 
                         peoples in the world. Recently, the Brazilian government sent a 
                         bill to Congress to regulate commercial mining in indigenous 
                         lands. This work analyzes the risks of the proposed mining bill to 
                         Amazonian indigenous peoples and their lands. To evaluate the 
                         possible impact of the new mining bill, we consider all mining 
                         license requests registered in Brazils National Mining Agency that 
                         overlap indigenous lands as potential mining areas in the future. 
                         The existing mining requests cover 176 000 km2 of indigenous 
                         lands, a factor 3000 more than the area of current illegal mining. 
                         Considering only these existing requests, about 15% of the total 
                         area of ILs in the region could be directly affected by mining if 
                         the bill is approved. Ethnic groups like Yudj´a, Kayapo, 
                         Apala{\'{\i}}, Wayana, and Katuena may have between ´ 47% and 
                         87% of their lands impacted. Gold mining, which has previously 
                         shown to cause mercury contamination, death of indigenous people 
                         due to diseases, and biodiversity degradation, accounts for 64% of 
                         the requested areas. We conclude that the proposed bill is a 
                         significant threat to Amazonian indigenous peoples, further 
                         exposing indigenous peoples to rural violence, contamination by 
                         toxic pollutants, and contagious diseases. The obligation of the 
                         government is to enforce existing laws and regulations that put 
                         indigenous rights and livelihoods above economic consideration and 
                         not to reduce such protections.",
                  doi = "10.1088/1748-9326/abb428",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abb428",
                 issn = "1748-9326",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "rorato_brazilian.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "27 abr. 2024"
}