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@Article{VasconcellosDengZhanMart:2020:AuSuPr,
               author = "Vasconcellos, Fernanda Cerqueira and Deng, Yi and Zhang, Henian 
                         and Martins, Guilherme",
          affiliation = "{Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)} and {Georgia 
                         Institute of Technology} and {Georgia Institute of Technology} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Austral summer precipitation biases over tropical South America in 
                         five CMIP5 earth system models",
              journal = "International Journal of Climatology",
                 year = "2020",
               volume = "40",
                pages = "6506--6525",
                month = "Dec.",
             keywords = "earth system models, precipitation bias, surface energy budget, 
                         tropical South America, WES feedback.",
             abstract = "This study examined the historical (19802005) austral summer 
                         precipitation in Tropical South America (SA) simulated by five 
                         Earth System Models (ESM) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison 
                         Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). All simulations show a band of maximum 
                         precipitation eastward of the observed one and without typical 
                         NW-SE orientation. This displacement suggests models have trouble 
                         in reproducing the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). Due to 
                         this and additional model problems in simulating the Atlantic 
                         Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), all models exhibit negative 
                         precipitation biases at the extreme northern SA, including 
                         Guianas, Suriname, and north of Brazil and positive precipitation 
                         biases at part of northeastern Brazil. For extreme northern SA, 
                         models, in general, underestimate intense precipitation and 
                         overestimate weak rainfall. Analysis of the moisture flux 
                         divergence over the northern coast of SA in models suggested that 
                         the precipitation bias could primarily stem from model 
                         misrepresentations of moisture availability for convection. 
                         Further analyses indicate that the moisture flux biases are, in 
                         turn, tied to a negative sea surface temperature (SST) bias in the 
                         tropical North Atlantic, inducing stronger northeasterly trade 
                         winds. Thus, more intense moisture flux goes to the inner 
                         continent. Consequently, an anomalous divergence of moisture flux 
                         and less precipitation occur near the coast. Despite some 
                         differences in energy budget and cloudiness, models results for 
                         wind, precipitation, SST, and latent heat flux suggest problems at 
                         WES feedback. In the GFDL-ESM and MIROC-ESM models, the negative 
                         SST bias was also partly associated with a lower incident 
                         shortwave (SW) radiation over the tropical North Atlantic. This SW 
                         bias was tied to a positive bias of cloud cover over tropical 
                         North Atlantic, at least in the GFDL-ESM.",
                  doi = "10.1002/joc.6595",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.6595",
                 issn = "0899-8418",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "vasconcellos_austral.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "29 mar. 2024"
}


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