@Article{FriedlingsteinOJAHOPPPSLCCJAAAABBBBBBCCCEFFGGGGGGHHHHIJJKKKKLLLLLLMMMNNNOOPPPRRRSSSSSTTTTVVWWWWWYYZ:2020:GlCaBu,
author = "Friedlingstein, Pierre and O'Sullivan, Michael and Jones, Matthew
W. and Andrew, Robbie M. and Hauck, Judith and Olsen, Are and
Peters, Glen P. and Peters, Wouter and Pongratz, Julia and Sitch,
Stephen and Le Quere, Corinne and Canadell, Josep G. and Ciais,
Philippe and Jackson, Robert B. and Alin, Simone and Arag{\~a}o,
Luiz Eduardo Oliveira e Cruz de and Arneth, Almut and Arora, Vivek
and Bates, Nicholas R. and Becker, Meike and Benoit-Cattin, Alice
and Bittig, Henry C. and Bopp, Laurent and Bultan, Selma and
Chandra, Naveen and Chevallier, Frederic and Chini, Louise P. and
Evans, Wiley and Florentie, Liesbeth and Forster, Piers M. and
Gasser, Thomas and Gehlen, Marion and Gilfillan, Dennis and
Gkritzalis, Thanos and Gregor, Luke and Gruber, Nicolas and
Harris, Ian and Hartung, Kerstin and Haverd, Vanessa and Houghton,
Richard A. and Ilyina, Tatiana and Jain, Atul K. and Joetzjer,
Emilie and Kadono, Koji and Kato, Etsushi and Kitidis, Vassilis
and Korsbakken, Jan Ivar and Landschutzer, Peter and Lefevre,
Nathalie and Lenton, Andrew and Lienert, Sebastian and Liu, Zhu
and Lombardozzi, Danica and Marland, Gregg and Metzl, Nicolas and
Munro, David R. and Nabel, Julia E. M. S. and Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro
and Niwa, Yosuke and O'Brien, Kevin and Ono, Tsuneo and Palmer,
Paul I. and Pierrot, Denis and Poulter, Benjamin and Resplandy,
Laure and Robertson, Eddy and Rodenbeck, Christian and Schwinger,
Jorg and Seferian, Roland and Skjelvan, Ingunn and Smith, Adam J.
P. and Sutton, Adrienne J. and Tanhua, Toste and Tans, Pieter P.
and Tian, Hanqin and Tilbrook, Bronte and Van der Werf, Guido and
Vuichard, Nicolas and Walker, Anthony P. and Wanninkhof, Rik and
Watson, Andrew J. and Willis, David and Wiltshire, Andrew J. and
Yuan, Wenping and Yue, Xu and Zaehle, Sonke",
affiliation = "{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and {} and Stanford Univ, Woods Inst Environm, Dept
Earth Syst Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA.; Stanford Univ, Precourt
Inst Energy, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. and NOAA, Pacific Marine
Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. and
{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and Karlsruhe
Inst Technol, Inst Meteorol \& Climate Res, Atmospher Environm
Res, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. and Environm \&
Climate Change Canada, Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling \& Anal,
Div Climate Res, Victoria, BC, Canada. and Bermuda Inst Ocean Sci
BIOS, 17 Biol Lane, St Georges GE01, Bermuda.; Univ Southampton,
Dept Ocean \& Earth Sci, European Way, Southampton SO14 3ZH,
Hants, England. and {} and Marine \& Freshwater Res Inst,
Fornubudir 5, IS-220 Hafnarfjordur, Iceland. and Leibniz Inst Balt
Sea Res Warnemuende IOW, Seestr 15, D-18119 Rostock, Germany. and
{} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {} and {}
and {} and {} and Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Environm Phys Grp, Inst
Biogeochem \& Pollutant Dynam, Zurich, Switzerland.; Ctr Climate
Syst Modeling C2SM, Zurich, Switzerland. and Swiss Fed Inst
Technol, Environm Phys Grp, Inst Biogeochem \& Pollutant Dynam,
Zurich, Switzerland.; Ctr Climate Syst Modeling C2SM, Zurich,
Switzerland. and Univ East Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Climat Res
Unit, NCAS Climate, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk,
England. and Deutsch Zentrum Luft \& Raumfahrt, Inst Phys
Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. and {} and Woods Hole Res
Ctr, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. and {} and {} and Univ Illinois, Dept
Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61821 USA. and Japan Meteorol Agcy,
Chiyoda Ku, 1-3-4 Otemachi, Tokyo 1008122, Japan. and Inst Appl
Energy, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1050003, Japan. and Plymouth Marine Lab,
Plymouth PL13DH, Devon, England. and {} and {} and Sorbonne Univ,
CNRS, IRD, MNHN,LOCEAN,IPSL Lab, Paris, France. and CSIRO Oceans
\& Atmosphere, Hobart, Tas, Australia. and Univ Bern, Inst Phys,
Climate \& Environm Phys, Bern, Switzerland.; Univ Bern, Oeschger
Ctr Climate Change Res, Bern, Switzerland. and Tsinghua Univ, Dept
Earth Syst Sci, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. and Natl Ctr
Atmospher Res, Terr Sci Sect, Climate \& Global Dynam, Boulder,
CO 80305 USA. and Appalachian State Univ, Dept Geol \& Environm
Sci, Boone, NC 28608 USA. and Sorbonne Univ, CNRS, IRD,
MNHN,LOCEAN,IPSL Lab, Paris, France. and Univ Colorado, Cooperat
Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA.; NOAA, GML, Boulder,
CO 80305 USA. and {} and {} and Meteorol Res Inst, 1-1 Nagamine,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050052, Japan. and NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm
Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA.; Univ
Washington, Cooperat Inst Climate Ocean \& Ecosyst Studies,
Seattle, WA 98105 USA. and Japan Fisheries Res \& Educ Agcy,
Kanazawa Ku, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2368648, Japan.
and Univ Edinburgh, Natl Ctr Earth Observat, Edinburgh EH9 3FF,
Midlothian, Scotland.; Univ Edinburgh, School GeoSci, Edinburgh
EH9 3FF, Midlothian, Scotland. and Natl Ocean \& Atmospher Adm,
Atlantic Oceanog \& Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. and NASA,
Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771
USA. and Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.;
Princeton Univ, Princeton Environm Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA.
and Met Off Hadley Ctr, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1 3PB, Devon,
England. and Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, POB 600164,Hans Knoll Str
10, D-07745 Jena, Germany. and NORCE Norwegian Res Ctr,
Jahnebakken 5, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. and Univ Illinois, Dept
Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61821 USA. and NORCE Norwegian Res Ctr,
Jahnebakken 5, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. and {} and NOAA, Pacific
Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115
USA. and GEOMAR Helmholtz Ctr Ocean Res Kiel, Dusternbrooker Weg
20, D-24105 Kiel, Germany. and NOAA, Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder,
CO 80305 USA. and Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry \& Wildlife Sci,
Auburn, AL 36849 USA. and CSIRO Oceans \& Atmosphere, Hobart,
Tas, Australia.; Univ Tasmania, Australian Antarct Partnership
Program, Hobart, Tas, Australia. and Vrije Univ, Fac Sci,
Amsterdam, Netherlands. and {} and Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Climate
Change Sci Inst, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA.; Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div
Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. and Natl Ocean \&
Atmospher Adm, Atlantic Oceanog \& Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149
USA. and {} and Univ East Anglia, Norwich Res Pk, Norwich NR4 7TJ,
Norfolk, England. and Met Off Hadley Ctr, FitzRoy Rd, Exeter EX1
3PB, Devon, England. and Sun Yat Sen Univ, Zhuhai Key Lab Dynam
Urban Climate \& Ecol, Guangdong Prov Key Lab Climate Change \&
Nat Disas, Sch Atmospher Sci, Zhuhai 510245, Guangdong, Peoples R
China. and Nanjing Univ Informat Sci \& Technol, Sch Environm Sci
\& Engn, Collaborat Innovat Ctr Atmospher Environm \& Equip,
Jiangsu Key Lab Atmospher Environm Monitoring \& P, Nanjing
210044, Peoples R China. and Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, POB
600164,Hans Knoll Str 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany.",
title = "Global Carbon Budget 2020",
journal = "Earth System Science Data",
year = "2020",
volume = "12",
number = "4",
pages = "3269--3340",
month = "Dec.",
abstract = "Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2)
emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean,
and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate - the ``global
carbon budget'' - is important to better understand the global
carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and
project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize
data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of
the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2
emissions ( EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement
production data, while emissions from land-use change ( ELUC),
mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change
data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is
measured directly and its growth rate (G(ATM)) is computed from
the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink ( SOCEAN)
and terrestrial CO2 sink ( S-LAND) are estimated with global
process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon
budget imbalance ( B-IM), the difference between the estimated
total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere,
ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data
and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All
uncertainties are reported as +/- 1 sigma. For the last decade
available (2010-2019), E-FOS was 9.6 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1) excluding
the cement carbonation sink (9.4 +/- 0.5 GtC yr(-1) when the
cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.6 +/- 0.7 GtC
yr(-1). For the same decade, GATM was 5.1 +/- 0.02 GtC yr(-1) (2.4
+/- 0.01 ppm yr(-1)), SOCEAN 2.5 +/- 0.6 GtC yr(-1) and SLAND 3.4
+/- 0.9 GtC yr(-1), with a budget imbalance BIM of 0.1 GtC yr(-1)
indicating a near balance between estimated sources and sinks over
the last decade. For the year 2019 alone, the growth in EFOS was
only about 0.1\% with fossil emissions increasing to 9.9 +/- 0.5
GtC yr(-1) excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.7 +/- 0.5 GtC
yr(-1) when cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.8
+/- 0.7 GtC yr(-1), for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5
+/- 0.9 GtC yr 1 (42.2 +/- 3.3 GtCO(2)). Also for 2019, GATM was
5.4 +/- 0.2 GtC yr 1 (2.5 +/- 0.1 ppm yr 1), SOCEAN was 2.6 +/-
0.6 GtC yr 1, and SLAND was 3.1 +/- 1.2 GtC yr(-1), with a BIM of
0.3 GtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 409.85
+/- 0.1 ppm averaged over 2019. Preliminary data for 2020,
accounting for the COVID-19-induced changes in emissions, suggest
a decrease in EFOS relative to 2019 of about 7\% (median
estimate) based on individual estimates from four studies of 6
\%, 7 \%, 7\% ( 3\% to 11 \%), and 13 \%. Overall, the mean
and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are
consistently estimated over the period 1959-2019, but
discrepancies of up to 1 GtC yr 1 persist for the representation
of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates
from diverse approaches and observations shows (1) no consensus in
the mean and trend in land-use change emissions over the last
decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different
methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern
extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent discrepancy between the
different methods for the ocean sink outside the tropics,
particularly in the Southern Ocean. This living data update
documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new
global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the
global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this
data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le Quere et al., 2018b, a,
2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are
available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2020 (Friedlingstein et
al., 2020).",
doi = "10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020",
url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020",
issn = "1866-3508 and 1866-3516",
label = "20210107",
language = "en",
targetfile = "global carbon.pdf",
urlaccessdate = "26 abr. 2024"
}