@Article{SouzaFoLCMNSNBS:2021:LiEcSp,
               author = "Souza Filho, Pedro Walfir and Lobo, Felipe de Lucia and 
                         Cavalcante, Rosane Barbosa Lopes and Mota, Jos{\'e} Aroudo and 
                         Nascimento Junior, Wilson da Rocha and Santos, Diogo C. and Novo, 
                         Evlyn M{\'a}rcia Le{\~a}o de Moraes and Barbosa, Cl{\'a}udio 
                         Clemente Faria and Siqueira, Jos{\'e} O.",
          affiliation = "{Universidade Federal do Par{\'a} (UFPA)} and {Universidade 
                         Federal de Pelotas (UFPel)} and {Universidade Federal do Par{\'a} 
                         (UFPA)} and {Instituto de Pesquisa Econ{\^o}mica Aplicada (IPEA)} 
                         and {Universidade Federal do Par{\'a} (UFPA)} and {Universidade 
                         Federal do Par{\'a} (UFPA)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)} and {Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA)}",
                title = "Land-use intensity of official mineral extraction in the Amazon 
                         region: Linking economic and spatial data",
              journal = "Land Degradation and Development",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "32",
               number = "4",
                pages = "1706--1717",
                month = "Feb.",
             keywords = "Amazon, deforestation, mining activities, protected area, remote 
                         sensing.",
             abstract = "The Amazon region has suffered considerable deforestation rates 
                         related to logging, cattle ranching, and agriculture. Recently, 
                         attention has been given to deforestation due to mining 
                         activities. This paper aims to estimate the land area affected by 
                         mining activities in protected and nonprotected areas, the value 
                         of the traded mineral extraction per commodity, and the mineral 
                         commodity with the highest trade (mineral extraction per mining 
                         area). Our results show that mining activities occupied 1,110 
                         km(2) of the Amazon, where 65% and 35% of this was due to 
                         artisanal and industrial-scale mining, respectively. Gold 
                         exploitation was responsible for 58% of the total, followed by 
                         aluminum (15%), tin (13%), and iron (8%). In the region, 47% of 
                         the total mining area was located inside protected areas, where 
                         extraction was dominated by artisanal gold mining. The Amazonian 
                         states generated US\$ 12.6 billion in 2017. Analysis of the 
                         values of the traded production showed that iron was responsible 
                         for 63.6%, followed by copper (16.2%), aluminum (7.6%), and gold 
                         (6.5%). The value of the traded production of gold was relatively 
                         low (US\$ 810 million) in comparison to iron (US\$ 8.01 billion) 
                         and copper (US\$ 2.04 billion), which occupied the smallest 
                         areas. The value of the traded production per area showed that 
                         iron ore exploitation generated US\$ 91.8 million/km(2), while 
                         gold generated only 1.3 million/km(2). We conclude that the 
                         industrial mining of iron ore presented the lowest impacts in 
                         mining areas with higher traded mineral extraction, while 
                         artisanal gold production ran contrary to environmental 
                         conservation goals.",
                  doi = "10.1002/ldr.3810",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3810",
                 issn = "1085-3278",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "souza filho_land.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}