@Article{CoelhoSKCGGFBCSKB:2021:EvClSi,
               author = "Coelho, Caio Augusto dos Santos and Souza, Dayana Castilho de and 
                         Kubota, Paulo Yoshio and Costa, Simone Sievert da and 
                         Gon{\c{c}}alves, Layrson de Jesus Menezes and Guimar{\~a}es, 
                         Bruno dos Santos and Figueroa, Silvio Nilo and Bonatti, Jos{\'e} 
                         Paulo and Cavalcanti, Iracema Fonseca de Albuquerque and Sampaio, 
                         Gilvan and Klingaman, Nicholas P. and Baker, Jessica C. A.",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais 
                         (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and 
                         {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas 
                         Espaciais (INPE)} and {University of Reading} and {University of 
                         Leeds}",
                title = "Evaluation of climate simulations produced with the Brazilian 
                         global atmospheric model version 1.2",
              journal = "Climate Dynamics",
                 year = "2021",
               volume = "56",
               number = "3/4",
                pages = "873--898",
                month = "Feb.",
             abstract = "This paper presents an evaluation of climate simulations produced 
                         by the Brazilian Global Atmospheric Model version 1.2 (BAM-1.2) of 
                         the Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies (CPTEC). The 
                         model was run over the 19752017 period at two spatial resolutions, 
                         corresponding to ~ 180 and ~ 100 km, both with 42 vertical levels, 
                         following most of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project 
                         (AMIP) protocol. In this protocol, observed sea surface 
                         temperatures (SSTs) are used as boundary conditions for the 
                         atmospheric model. Four ensemble members were run for each of the 
                         two resolutions. A series of diagnostics was computed for 
                         assessing the models ability to represent the top of the 
                         atmosphere (TOA) radiation, atmospheric temperature, circulation 
                         and precipitation climatological features. The representation of 
                         precipitation interannual variability, El Niņo-Southern 
                         Oscillation (ENSO) precipitation teleconnections, the Madden and 
                         Julian Oscillation (MJO) and daily precipitation characteristics 
                         was also assessed. The model at both resolutions reproduced many 
                         observed temperature, atmospheric circulation and precipitation 
                         climatological features, despite several identified biases. The 
                         model atmosphere was found to be more transparent than the 
                         observations, leading to misrepresentation of cloud-radiation 
                         interactions. The net cloud radiative forcing, which produces a 
                         cooling effect on the global mean climate at the TOA, was well 
                         represented by the model. This was found to be due to the 
                         compensation between both weaker longwave cloud radiative forcing 
                         (LWCRF) and shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCRF) in the model 
                         compared to the observations. The model capability to represent 
                         inter-annual precipitation variability at both resolutions was 
                         found to be linked to the adequate representation of ENSO 
                         teleconnections. However, the model produced weaker than observed 
                         convective activity associated with the MJO. Light daily 
                         precipitation over the southeast of South America and other 
                         climatologically similar regions was diagnosed to be 
                         overestimated, and heavy daily precipitation underestimated by the 
                         model. Increasing spatial resolution helped to slightly reduce 
                         some of the diagnosed biases. The performed evaluation identified 
                         model aspects that need to be improved. These include the 
                         representation of polar continental surface and sea ice albedo, 
                         stratospheric ozone, low marine clouds, and daily precipitation 
                         features, which were found to be larger and last longer than the 
                         observed features.",
                  doi = "10.1007/s00382-020-05508-8",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00382-020-05508-8",
                 issn = "0930-7575",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "Coelho2021_Article_EvaluationOfClimateSimulations.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "20 maio 2024"
}